1 | <?php |
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2 | $seiten_id = 'faxtechnik'; |
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3 | $version = '$Id: fax.php 594 2014-07-04 19:00:31Z heribert $'; |
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4 | $title = 'Fax engineering'; |
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5 | |
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6 | require "../../lib/technikum29.php"; |
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7 | ?> |
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8 | <!-- Etwas unkonventionell - mehrere h2 auf der Seite verteilt --> |
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9 | <h2>Telegraphy</h2> |
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10 | |
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11 | <div class="box left clear-after"> |
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12 | <a href="/en/devices/morse_telegraph.php" name="backlink-morse-telegraph"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafie-regal.jpg" alt="The telegraph's rack" width="240" height="464" /></a> |
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13 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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14 | <p>An extract from the area fax and writing engineering.</p> |
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15 | <p>Humans always wanted to communicate over very long distances. In the early 20th century |
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16 | "Morse" was almost synonymously used for the telegraph technology. Around 1938 the first |
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17 | traffic telegraphs arised.</p> |
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18 | |
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19 | <div class="center"> |
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20 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morseschreiber.jpg" alt="Morse writer (1876)" style="float:none;"/> |
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21 | </div> |
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22 | |
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23 | <p>The picture above was printed in the little book "The technical telegraph service" from 1876. As you |
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24 | can see, morse telegraphs were already used at that time. This kind of technology is amazing due |
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25 | to it's overwhelming simplicity. |
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26 | <br/>Clicking on the picture which shows the rack yields the <a class="go" |
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27 | href="/en/devices/morse_telegraph.php">telegraph station</a>, made by S.A. HASLER (Bern, Switzerland). |
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28 | </p> |
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29 | </div> |
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30 | </div> |
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31 | |
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32 | |
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33 | <!--<div class="box left"> |
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34 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ausschnitt-faxtechnik.jpg" alt="Ausschnitt aus dem Bereich Fax- und Schreibtechnik" width="436" height="327" /> |
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35 | <div class="bildtext" style="padding-top: 127px;">Extract from the area fax and writing engineering.</div> |
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36 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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37 | </div> |
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38 | |
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39 | <div class="box left" id="telegraf-zu"> |
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40 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafenstation-halboffen.jpg" alt="Telegrafenstation halboffen" class="nomargin-bottom" width="341" height="201" onclick="switchTelegrafenstation();" /> |
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41 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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42 | What is inside this inconspicuous wooden box? Klick it to open it. |
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43 | - old text. This is the <a href="/en">box from the homepage</a>, now partly openend. Click on the old box and be astonished.-</div> |
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44 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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45 | </div> |
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46 | |
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47 | <div class="box center" id="telegraf-offen"> |
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48 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafenstation-offen.jpg" alt="Telegrafenstation offen"width="680" height="516" /> |
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49 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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50 | <h3>TELEGRAPH STATION, made by S.-A. HASLER, Bern (Switzerland)</h3> |
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51 | -<p>More details will follow soon.</p>- |
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52 | </div> |
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53 | </div>--> |
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54 | |
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55 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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56 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morsetelegraph-um1900.jpg" width="439" height="249" alt="Morsetelegraph um 1900" /> |
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57 | <p class="bildtext">This telegraph station was built in the time about 1900. More than 100 years ago, no one cared about time |
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58 | thus communication was quite unhurried.</p> |
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59 | </div> |
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60 | |
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61 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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62 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morseempfaenger.jpg" width="439" height="254" alt="Morse reciever" /> |
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63 | <p class="bildtext">This picture shows the edgewise view from the morse reciever. The apparature is connected to a paper tape morse transmitter from the 60s.</p> |
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64 | </div> |
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65 | |
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66 | <h2>Fax engineering, Picture Telegraphy</h2> |
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67 | |
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68 | <!-- Eigentlich steht hier ziemlich anderes Zeug im Deutschen (Januar 2010), |
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69 | aber gespickt mit alten Spezialbegriffen, fuer die es im englischen keine |
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70 | Uebersetzungen gibt (bereits erstes Wort: Faximile) --> |
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71 | |
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72 | <p>It is quite incredible: Fax machines were already mass-produced in 1929. However, it |
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73 | was difficult to run these machines. The first pracitcal fax machines are a german invention: The "Normalpapierfax" (a fax machine that |
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74 | used usual paper) from Siemens-Hell, year of manufacture 1956, with tube technology, is still completely runable. |
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75 | An unhurried and transparent fax transmission (DIN A5) takes about 4 minutes. Theoretically you |
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76 | could send a colored fax with that machine!</p> |
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77 | |
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78 | <div class="box center"> |
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79 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/fultograph.jpg" width="487" height="338" alt="Fultograph" /> |
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80 | <div class="cols"> |
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81 | <div class="leftcol"> |
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82 | <p>The <b>Fultograph</b> is an <b>"image reciever"</b>, invented by the |
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83 | Englishman Otho Fulton in 1929. This devices made it possible to transmit weather |
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84 | chartes by funk for the first time in the world. |
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85 | <br />The following text is cited from an unknown source from about 1930. It shows up |
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86 | a strange world for today's people: |
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87 | </p> |
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88 | <!-- English translation by Ruediger Kraatz on 18.01.2009: --> |
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89 | <blockquote> |
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90 | Who hasn't felt, when listening to a thrilling wireless transmission |
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91 | from the opera or when enjoying a radio play, the wish to experience |
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92 | such a feat not only with one's ears, but also with one's eyes? How |
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93 | often have you regretted to rely solely on your own imagination rather |
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94 | than being able to actually see the presentations which sound so |
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95 | natural in your ears? |
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96 | The realisation of these aspirations, which would be possible by |
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97 | distance cinema, has not only failed due to the technical complexities |
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98 | of the problems, but especially because of the enormous costs caused |
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99 | by such an equipment. |
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100 | It is now a truly invaluable achievement that every owner of a good |
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101 | wireless apparatus has been put into a position to call something his |
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102 | own, which is at least a preliminary stage of a distance cinema, namely |
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103 | a radiophoto receiver, providing beautiful and steady images out of the |
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104 | ether. |
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105 | In the future, broadcasting stations will be able to illustrate their |
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106 | acoustic transmissions. Scenic images of public performances, portraits |
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107 | of artists, comments on lectures, illustrations of daily reports, |
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108 | sketches of sporting events, weather charts, public quizzes and many |
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109 | </blockquote> |
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110 | </div> |
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111 | <div class="rightcol"> |
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112 | <blockquote> |
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113 | other such events can be made an issue of broadcasting in a simple way. |
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114 | All owners of a suitable apparatus can – without previous technical |
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115 | knowledge and without a dark room – receive these images, which |
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116 | will appear in front of your eyes in brilliant brown colour in a matter |
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117 | of minutes and which will be ready in stable conditions immediately. |
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118 | The simple appliance providing such miracles was quietly developed to |
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119 | such a perfection by an English inventor, Captain Otho Fulton, and within |
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120 | a short period of time regular image broadcasting will be carried out |
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121 | in most European countries, so that the owner of a "Fultograph" – |
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122 | this is how Fulton called his image receiver – will be able to |
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123 | receive an international image broadcasting programme in his own home. |
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124 | The images are true to the originals, distinct and pleasant to watch, |
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125 | and apart from that of particular artistic efficacy because of their |
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126 | special granularity. |
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127 | It takes 3 to 5 minutes to transmit a picture in the format of 9 to |
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128 | 12 centimetres. |
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129 | </blockquote> |
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130 | <p>The rotating roll, which had been coated with chemically preperated paper, was spirally |
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131 | scanned by an attached "pen" (tabluator). In this way an electric current could flow |
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132 | from the pen over the paper to the roll in the rythm of the picture informations. That way, the |
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133 | image developed by electrolysis.</p> |
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134 | </div> |
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135 | </div><!--cols--> |
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136 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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137 | </div> |
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138 | |
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139 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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140 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf106.jpg" width="513" height="416" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 106" /> |
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141 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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142 | Very rare <b>Siemens (HELL) fax machine KF 106</b> |
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143 | </p> |
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144 | </div> |
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145 | |
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146 | <p> |
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147 | This "remote copy machine" was produced in 1954/55. The ink-based write |
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148 | approach was already matured. Sad to say, the service-friendliness was |
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149 | quite bad. The bulky device (27 kilogram) scans only a DIN A5 sheet. |
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150 | Already 1956 the successor KF 108 came on the market, with great |
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151 | improvements. |
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152 | </p> |
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153 | |
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154 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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155 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf108-gross.jpg" width="520" height="363" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 108" /> |
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156 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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157 | <b>SIEMENS fax machine KF 108</b> (year of manufacture 1956) |
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158 | </p> |
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159 | </div> |
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160 | |
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161 | <p> |
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162 | The KF 108 works in a similar way like the Fultograph. Instead of the |
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163 | electrochemical recording, ink is put on the usual paper with the help |
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164 | of complex mechanics. |
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165 | |
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166 | <br/>It works similar to the fultograph. Instead of a electochemical |
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167 | notation, ink is brought by a small rotating sapphire reel onto normal |
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168 | paper. |
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169 | <br/>A KF 108 will even be able to send and recive faxes when the modern |
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170 | fax devices are trashed. Of course, it is not compatible to today's |
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171 | devices. Siemens produced the device in a typical german manner: Everything |
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172 | is huge and indestructible. In these days you did not throw everything away. |
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173 | </p> |
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174 | |
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175 | <p> |
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176 | The next fax (year of manufacture 1963, also used for weather cards) weights |
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177 | 90 kg and has even electonic tubes. In the 1960s, weather offices were able |
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178 | to recive the latest weather cards (with pages bigger than DIN A3) with |
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179 | these machines. |
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180 | <br/>The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 100 shows how exhausting it was to send |
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181 | DIN A2 fax drawings in the 1960s. This device was used to recive weather |
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182 | cards with radio communication. You can also see an <a class="go" |
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183 | name="backlink-hellfax" href="/en/devices/hellfax-functionality.php">Hellfax |
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184 | unctional diagram</a>. Clicking on the picture will open the front lid. |
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185 | </p> |
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186 | |
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187 | |
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188 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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189 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geschlossen.jpg" alt="The Hellfax-Blatschreiber BS 100, with closed lid" id="hellfax-zu" /> |
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190 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geoeffnet.jpg" alt="The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110 with opened lid" id="hellfax-offen" /> |
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191 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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192 | <b>Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110</b> |
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193 | </p> |
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194 | </div> |
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195 | |
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196 | <h2>Teletype technology</h2> |
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197 | |
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198 | <!-- |
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199 | next Paragraph/box: In Deutsch "ohne Worte". Heribert schreibt |
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200 | Text fuer englische Version in Mail am |
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201 | 26. Juli 2008: |
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202 | |
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203 | Links: Hellschreiber GL 72 (ca. Bj. 1952). Jede Taste erzeugt eine |
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204 | bestimmte Tonsequenz. Mit diesen Geräten konnte man daher im |
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205 | Gegensatz zu den Fernschreibern im Telefonnetz kommunizieren. |
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206 | |
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207 | Rechts: Diktiergerät mit Magnetplatten (Bj. 1952), welches auch die |
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208 | Informationen des Hellschreibers aufzeichnen konnte. Damit wurde es |
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209 | schließlich möglich Text auf einer Magnetplatte abzuspeichern und |
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210 | beliebig oft durch den Hellschreiber "ausdrucken" zu lassen. |
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211 | |
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212 | Auf Basis dieses Textes nun meine englische Übersetzung: |
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213 | --> |
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214 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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215 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellschreiber.jpg" width="629" height="245" alt="Hellschreiber GL 72" /> |
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216 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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217 | The <b>Hellschreiber GL 72</b>, year of manufacture 1952 |
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218 | (in the picture on the left). This device assignes an unique |
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219 | sequence of frequencies to each key. Thus the device could make use of the |
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220 | telephone network, like the later modems did to build up the |
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221 | internet. This feature distinguishes it from the ordinary |
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222 | teletypes. |
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223 | </p> |
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224 | </div> |
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225 | |
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226 | <!-- paragraph between Hellschreiber and teletype: |
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227 | translated 27. July 2008 from de --> |
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228 | <p>Nevertheless the clatting teletypes coined high speed |
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229 | telecommunication for decades. The first teletype was presented |
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230 | in 1930 by Siemens & Halske – only three years later, |
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231 | the German Post used them for communication all over Germany. |
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232 | The first official connection in Germany was build between the capital, Berlin, |
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233 | and the Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Unlike the |
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234 | Hellschreiber, the teletype did not use the already existing |
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235 | telephone network, so they had to build up a seperate telex |
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236 | network. |
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237 | <br/> |
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238 | At first there were only 21 subscribers in 1933, but only six |
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239 | years later, they counted 1500 subscribers in 1939. In 1975 |
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240 | there were actually more than 90,000 subscribers. In these |
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241 | days, the mechanically working teletypes were replaced by |
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242 | electronically driven devices (Telex). Even nowadays, in |
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243 | times of the internet, a few developing countries use this |
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244 | disaster safe kind of communication.</p> |
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245 | |
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246 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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247 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/fernschreiber.jpg" width="520" height="536" alt="Teletypewriter" /> |
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248 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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249 | <b>Siemens Teletype</b>, year of manufacture 1952 |
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250 | </p> |
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251 | </div> |
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252 | |
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253 | <p> |
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254 | Below in the picture, you can see a paper tape sender. |
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255 | While typing the text, it was fed into the paper tape and could be send afterwards quite fast. |
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256 | This is quite equal how today's e-mail clients work: They buffer the text while the user inputs |
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257 | it until it is send in one go, instead of streaming the keyboard input "live" to the recipient. |
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258 | Of course this apperature is still fully executable. |
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259 | </p> |
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260 | |
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261 | <div class="box left"> |
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262 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafenalphabet.jpg" width="414" height="391" alt="Fernschreiber" /> |
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263 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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264 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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265 | <p><b id="decoder">Decoder: 5-Bit to telex </b> <a class="popup" href="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafenalphabet.jpg"><br> |
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266 | Enlarge picture</a> |
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267 | |
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268 | <p>Recently we saved this large (70cm by 60cm) and wonderful "decoder" from scrap |
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269 | at a local university. This device translates 5 bit telegraph codes to their |
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270 | corresponding characters. It has been built as a demonstration object by the |
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271 | university's machine shop sometime between 1937 and 1949 and has been used |
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272 | extensively in lectures.<br> |
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273 | Principle of operation: A 5 bit value is set by means of the large levers. Then |
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274 | the code wheel is turned slowly until the correct character is in the top |
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275 | position which is denoted by lighting a lamp. If, e.g., 10101 is set and the |
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276 | code wheel is turned, the lamp will be lit under the character "Y".<br> |
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277 | What once was state-of-the-art technology is now used as a decoding device for |
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278 | our experimental workshops. There kids can decipher texts given in binary and |
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279 | thus gain experience with binary data representation.</p> |
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280 | <div class="clear"></div> |
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281 | |
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282 | <h2>Flexowriter</h2> |
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283 | <!-- This paragraph was replaced on 27. july 08 in favour of... --> |
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284 | <!-- |
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285 | <p>Long time before, telegraph offices (about 1900), the early teleprinters (1938) and Hellschreiber (1952) were used. A demonstration shows something unbelievable: The Hellschreiber writes a dictate from a dictating machine from the early fifties without mistakes!?<br/> |
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286 | <br/>The electomechanical "text processing systems" (1962-64) show you how texts could be duplicated and written automatically with punched tapes and punch cards as storages. Only big companies could afford the complex technology which was typically german. See the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/olympia-flexowriter.php" title="Olympia Schreibautomat" name="backlink-olympia">Olympia flexowriter</a>.</p> |
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287 | --> |
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288 | <!-- ...this paragraph: --> |
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289 | <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> |
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290 | <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/olympia-schreibautomat.jpg" width="629" height="242" alt="Olympia Flexowriter" /> |
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291 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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292 | <p>As a kind of spin-off products of the teletype |
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293 | development, the electromechanical "wordprocessing systems" |
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294 | (1962 – 1964) were invented. They were capable |
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295 | of duplicating and writing texts automatically, using |
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296 | paper tapes and punch cards as storage media. |
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297 | <br/>The technology of these devices was quite complex |
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298 | – at that time only big companies could afford these |
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299 | typically German devices. |
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300 | <br/>The picture above shows the <b>Olympia flexowriter</b> |
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301 | with two paaper tape readers and one paper tape puncher, |
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302 | year of manufacture 1962.</p> |
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303 | </div> |
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304 | </div><!-- end of image box --> |
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