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3<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
4<head><!--#set var="title"        value="Analog and hybrid computers"
5   --><!--#set var="location"     value="analogrechner"
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15    <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
16    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id: analog.shtm 68 2008-12-20 23:11:49Z sven $" />
17    <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x" />
18    <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x+1" />
19    <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1, Original 2005/v4.1.1 -->
20    <!--changelog: 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 Original: 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL:v5.7 Änderungen (Struktur), Synchronisation der Übersetzung -->
21    <!--changelog: 09.09.2007/v5.7.6, Original: 08.09.2007/v5.7.6: EAI 185/180 + DO 240 neu -->
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23</head>
24<body>
25<!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" -->
26<div id="content">
27    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
28
29    <!-- Top paragraphs: Translation from 20.12.2008 -->
30    <p>Analog computers were used to compute mathematical, physical and
31    technical problems. They were especially capable of solving equations
32    containing variables that depend on time or differential equations.</p>
33
34    <p>Analog computers simulate the given problem by abstracting it to a
35    physical system which follows the same mathematical laws. This
36    system is "plugged together" on a patch-board by using electronical
37    networks which are situated in the computer's inner life (negators,
38    summing unit, integrator, multiplier, function generator, etc.). Unlike
39    digital ones, analog computers don't count but measure (input) parameters.
40    Therewith even non-linear differential equations can be solved quickly
41    numerically. On the other hand, analog computers are not suitable for
42    solving literal equations and suitable for commercial calculations
43    not at all.</p>
44
45    <p>All systems that yield the same mathematical model are called analog
46    systems among one another, disregarding their technical or physical origins.
47    The quality of the analogy of a system depends on the accuracy of
48    both approximation and output. According to the price the available
49    analog computers at that time highly differed from each other.
50
51    <p>Among others, computer systems by Telefunken (1961-64) are
52    installed. They draw awesome curves on a storage oscilloscope and
53    xy plotter. They solve difficult problems quite quickly, but handing,
54    programming (plug connections) and analysis is not easy.</p>
55
56    <!--alter Text: <p>Electronical analog computers solved mathematical
57    equations that represented electrical networks which you had to plug
58    ("programm") on the board. They were solved by the electrical simulation.
59    Results were not numbers, but graphs (curves) that can be plotted with a
60    writer or an oscilloscope.</p>-->
61
62    <h3>Heathkit Analog Computer H1</h3>
63    <div class="box center" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
64        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit-analogrechner.jpg" width="493" height="337" alt="Heathkit Analog Computer H1" />
65        <p>Heathkit, known for it's construction kits, developed an analog
66        computer in 1956 that was primary designed for education. This
67        monster has 70 tubes, whereas 45 were placed external due to better
68        cooling. It is equipped with 15 computing amplifiers.</p>
69    </div>
70
71    <div class="box left" style="margin-top: 0;">
72       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit-ausschnitt.jpg" alt=" Heathkit Analog Computers H1" width="247" height="179" class="nomargin-bottom"/>
73       <div class="bildtext">
74          It demonstrates archaic early technology from the first generation.
75          We have connected a compatible xy plotter equipped with tubes, too.
76          <br/>This device is a loan from the <a
77          href="http://www.fitg.de/fitg_english/">FITG (Association for the
78          promition of industrial and technological history)</a>.
79       </div>
80       <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
81    </div>
82
83    <div class="box left">       
84        <h3>Heathkit Analog Computer EC-1</h3>
85        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit EC-1.jpg" width="365" height="256" alt="Heathkit EC-1" />
86        <p>This is a very small analog computer that was designed for
87           educational purpose. It was built since 1960 and was equipped
88           with only 17 tubes (whereas 5 were used for stabilisation of
89           voltage). With such a sparse equipment the device is just good
90           enough to yield the function of an analog computer &ndash; it is too
91           inexactly to be used for real computing.
92           <br/>This device costed around 1.900 DM (about 900 Euro/500US$) </p>
93
94        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
95    </div>
96
97    <div class="box right">
98        <h3>Telefunken RAT 700</h3>
99        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/telefunken_rat700.jpg" width="291" height="917" alt="Telefunken RAT 700" class="nomargin-bottom" />
100        <div class="bildtext">
101            The image shows the <b>Telefunkten RAT 700</b> in the bottom (first
102            model from 1961), above a part from the successor. On the new model
103            you can change the whole patch board and thus change prgorams quickly.
104            <br/>When it's running, you hear an undetermined buzzing (400 Hz), due
105            to the mechanical chopper that change direct voltage in alternating
106            voltage. That was the only chance to disable the disturbing termeratre
107            drift (Changing of the germanium transistor parameters). Principally,
108            direct voltage is amlified by using choppers still today, but of course
109            they are made with electronic components.
110        </div>
111    </div>
112
113    <div class="box center" style="margin-right: 291px">
114        <h3>GTE Analogrechner EA22</h3>
115        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gte-analogrechner.jpg" width="310" height="336" title="GTE Analog computer EA22" />
116        <p>
117          It's quite remarkable that the EA22 from GTE looks like the Telefunken
118          computers. But unlike the competitive products, the GTE computer is
119          equipped with more computing amplifiers (22 units), has a much clearer
120          system design and is therefore much easier to maintain.
121          This analog computer was build in the early 1960s.
122        </p>
123    </div>
124
125    <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
126    <div class="box center">
127        <h3>EAI 180 digital-anloge computer</h3>
128        <div class="bildtext" style="margin-bottom: 30px;">
129            <p><b>EAI 180</b> from "Electronic Associates Incorporated",
130            New Jersey, is a so called <b>hybrid computer</b>  (hybris [greek]: From twofold parentage), year of
131            manufacture 1970. It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. The
132            device is equipped with IC's from the first generation (DTL-technology). The calculation circuit is
133            plugged with cables on the front panel. The cycle time from the analoge part can be set to less than
134            10ms. With that parameter, an equation will be solved at least 100 times per second. So you can watch
135            the output with a simple oscilloscope.
136            </p>
137        </div>
138        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai180.jpg" width="464" height="370" alt="EAI 180 hybrid computer" />
139    </div>
140
141    <div class="box left">
142        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/analogrechner-details.jpg" width="127" height="680" alt="details of the EAI" />
143
144        <div class="box center" style="margin-left: 127px;">
145            <h3>EAI 185</h3>
146            <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai185.jpg" width="424" height="535" style="float:none" alt="EAI 185 Hybridrechner" />
147        </div>
148
149        <p class="bildtext">
150             The EAI 185 is almost exactly the same as the EAI 180 (shown in the photo above). The
151             only difference is the stage of expansion &ndash; you will notice that the EAI 185 is
152             much more taller than the EAI 180.
153             They were both used in the applied physics and informatics of German Technical Universities.
154        </p>
155        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
156    </div>
157   
158    <div class="box left">
159        <h3 class="center">Dornier DO 240</h3>
160         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/do_240.jpg" alt="Dornier DO 240" width="424" height="412"/>
161         <p class="bildtext">
162             The analog computer DO 240, made by the German enterprise DORNIER, is a high precision device,
163             compared to the EAI hybrid computers, which were used almost only for education due to their
164             moderate precision.
165             It features very much elements in a highly compact case. Among others there are digital potentiometers
166             (gating pulse manually adjustable), a highly customizable digital clock generator (which uses
167             nixie tubes as a display), a digital counter, two function generators and many more.
168             This computer was built in the early 1970s and was priced at 80.000 DM (about 40.000 euro/dollar)
169         </p>
170    </div>
171
172</div><!-- end of content -->
173<!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" -->
174</body>
175</html>
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