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4 | <head><!--#set var="title" value="Analog and hybrid computers" |
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12 | --><title>Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" --></title> |
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16 | <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id: analog.shtm 68 2008-12-20 23:11:49Z sven $" /> |
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17 | <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x" /> |
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18 | <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x+1" /> |
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19 | <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1, Original 2005/v4.1.1 --> |
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20 | <!--changelog: 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 Original: 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL:v5.7 Änderungen (Struktur), Synchronisation der Übersetzung --> |
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21 | <!--changelog: 09.09.2007/v5.7.6, Original: 08.09.2007/v5.7.6: EAI 185/180 + DO 240 neu --> |
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25 | <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> |
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26 | <div id="content"> |
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27 | <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> |
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28 | |
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29 | <!-- Top paragraphs: Translation from 20.12.2008 --> |
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30 | <p>Analog computers were used to compute mathematical, physical and |
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31 | technical problems. They were especially capable of solving equations |
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32 | containing variables that depend on time or differential equations.</p> |
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33 | |
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34 | <p>Analog computers simulate the given problem by abstracting it to a |
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35 | physical system which follows the same mathematical laws. This |
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36 | system is "plugged together" on a patch-board by using electronical |
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37 | networks which are situated in the computer's inner life (negators, |
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38 | summing unit, integrator, multiplier, function generator, etc.). Unlike |
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39 | digital ones, analog computers don't count but measure (input) parameters. |
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40 | Therewith even non-linear differential equations can be solved quickly |
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41 | numerically. On the other hand, analog computers are not suitable for |
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42 | solving literal equations and suitable for commercial calculations |
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43 | not at all.</p> |
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44 | |
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45 | <p>All systems that yield the same mathematical model are called analog |
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46 | systems among one another, disregarding their technical or physical origins. |
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47 | The quality of the analogy of a system depends on the accuracy of |
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48 | both approximation and output. According to the price the available |
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49 | analog computers at that time highly differed from each other. |
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50 | |
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51 | <p>Among others, computer systems by Telefunken (1961-64) are |
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52 | installed. They draw awesome curves on a storage oscilloscope and |
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53 | xy plotter. They solve difficult problems quite quickly, but handing, |
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54 | programming (plug connections) and analysis is not easy.</p> |
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55 | |
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56 | <!--alter Text: <p>Electronical analog computers solved mathematical |
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57 | equations that represented electrical networks which you had to plug |
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58 | ("programm") on the board. They were solved by the electrical simulation. |
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59 | Results were not numbers, but graphs (curves) that can be plotted with a |
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60 | writer or an oscilloscope.</p>--> |
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61 | |
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62 | <h3>Heathkit Analog Computer H1</h3> |
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63 | <div class="box center" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> |
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64 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit-analogrechner.jpg" width="493" height="337" alt="Heathkit Analog Computer H1" /> |
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65 | <p>Heathkit, known for it's construction kits, developed an analog |
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66 | computer in 1956 that was primary designed for education. This |
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67 | monster has 70 tubes, whereas 45 were placed external due to better |
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68 | cooling. It is equipped with 15 computing amplifiers.</p> |
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69 | </div> |
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70 | |
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71 | <div class="box left" style="margin-top: 0;"> |
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72 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit-ausschnitt.jpg" alt=" Heathkit Analog Computers H1" width="247" height="179" class="nomargin-bottom"/> |
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73 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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74 | It demonstrates archaic early technology from the first generation. |
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75 | We have connected a compatible xy plotter equipped with tubes, too. |
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76 | <br/>This device is a loan from the <a |
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77 | href="http://www.fitg.de/fitg_english/">FITG (Association for the |
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78 | promition of industrial and technological history)</a>. |
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79 | </div> |
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80 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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81 | </div> |
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82 | |
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83 | <div class="box left"> |
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84 | <h3>Heathkit Analog Computer EC-1</h3> |
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85 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit EC-1.jpg" width="365" height="256" alt="Heathkit EC-1" /> |
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86 | <p>This is a very small analog computer that was designed for |
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87 | educational purpose. It was built since 1960 and was equipped |
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88 | with only 17 tubes (whereas 5 were used for stabilisation of |
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89 | voltage). With such a sparse equipment the device is just good |
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90 | enough to yield the function of an analog computer – it is too |
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91 | inexactly to be used for real computing. |
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92 | <br/>This device costed around 1.900 DM (about 900 Euro/500US$) </p> |
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93 | |
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94 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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95 | </div> |
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96 | |
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97 | <div class="box right"> |
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98 | <h3>Telefunken RAT 700</h3> |
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99 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/telefunken_rat700.jpg" width="291" height="917" alt="Telefunken RAT 700" class="nomargin-bottom" /> |
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100 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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101 | The image shows the <b>Telefunkten RAT 700</b> in the bottom (first |
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102 | model from 1961), above a part from the successor. On the new model |
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103 | you can change the whole patch board and thus change prgorams quickly. |
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104 | <br/>When it's running, you hear an undetermined buzzing (400 Hz), due |
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105 | to the mechanical chopper that change direct voltage in alternating |
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106 | voltage. That was the only chance to disable the disturbing termeratre |
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107 | drift (Changing of the germanium transistor parameters). Principally, |
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108 | direct voltage is amlified by using choppers still today, but of course |
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109 | they are made with electronic components. |
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110 | </div> |
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111 | </div> |
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112 | |
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113 | <div class="box center" style="margin-right: 291px"> |
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114 | <h3>GTE Analogrechner EA22</h3> |
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115 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gte-analogrechner.jpg" width="310" height="336" title="GTE Analog computer EA22" /> |
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116 | <p> |
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117 | It's quite remarkable that the EA22 from GTE looks like the Telefunken |
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118 | computers. But unlike the competitive products, the GTE computer is |
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119 | equipped with more computing amplifiers (22 units), has a much clearer |
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120 | system design and is therefore much easier to maintain. |
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121 | This analog computer was build in the early 1960s. |
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122 | </p> |
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123 | </div> |
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124 | |
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125 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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126 | <div class="box center"> |
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127 | <h3>EAI 180 digital-anloge computer</h3> |
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128 | <div class="bildtext" style="margin-bottom: 30px;"> |
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129 | <p><b>EAI 180</b> from "Electronic Associates Incorporated", |
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130 | New Jersey, is a so called <b>hybrid computer</b> (hybris [greek]: From twofold parentage), year of |
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131 | manufacture 1970. It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. The |
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132 | device is equipped with IC's from the first generation (DTL-technology). The calculation circuit is |
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133 | plugged with cables on the front panel. The cycle time from the analoge part can be set to less than |
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134 | 10ms. With that parameter, an equation will be solved at least 100 times per second. So you can watch |
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135 | the output with a simple oscilloscope. |
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136 | </p> |
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137 | </div> |
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138 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai180.jpg" width="464" height="370" alt="EAI 180 hybrid computer" /> |
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139 | </div> |
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140 | |
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141 | <div class="box left"> |
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142 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/analogrechner-details.jpg" width="127" height="680" alt="details of the EAI" /> |
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143 | |
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144 | <div class="box center" style="margin-left: 127px;"> |
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145 | <h3>EAI 185</h3> |
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146 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai185.jpg" width="424" height="535" style="float:none" alt="EAI 185 Hybridrechner" /> |
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147 | </div> |
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148 | |
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149 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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150 | The EAI 185 is almost exactly the same as the EAI 180 (shown in the photo above). The |
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151 | only difference is the stage of expansion – you will notice that the EAI 185 is |
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152 | much more taller than the EAI 180. |
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153 | They were both used in the applied physics and informatics of German Technical Universities. |
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154 | </p> |
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155 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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156 | </div> |
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157 | |
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158 | <div class="box left"> |
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159 | <h3 class="center">Dornier DO 240</h3> |
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160 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/do_240.jpg" alt="Dornier DO 240" width="424" height="412"/> |
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161 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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162 | The analog computer DO 240, made by the German enterprise DORNIER, is a high precision device, |
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163 | compared to the EAI hybrid computers, which were used almost only for education due to their |
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164 | moderate precision. |
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165 | It features very much elements in a highly compact case. Among others there are digital potentiometers |
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166 | (gating pulse manually adjustable), a highly customizable digital clock generator (which uses |
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167 | nixie tubes as a display), a digital counter, two function generators and many more. |
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168 | This computer was built in the early 1970s and was priced at 80.000 DM (about 40.000 euro/dollar) |
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169 | </p> |
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170 | </div> |
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171 | |
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172 | </div><!-- end of content --> |
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173 | <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" --> |
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174 | </body> |
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175 | </html> |
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