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| 4 | <head><!--#set var="title" value="Punch card computing" |
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| 12 | --><title>Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" --></title> |
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[77] | 18 | <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> |
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[1] | 20 | </head> |
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| 21 | <body> |
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| 22 | <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> |
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| 23 | <div id="content"> |
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| 24 | <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> |
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| 25 | |
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[77] | 26 | <p>Punch cards are used since the beginnings of the 20th century |
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| 27 | as storage media. They are handy, can be labeled automatically or by |
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| 28 | hand, and can be sorted quickly. Therefore they were used until |
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| 29 | the late 1980s. Indeed they were mainly used in the 1960s, when |
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| 30 | EDP conquered the world. Today's folk is astonished at the size, |
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| 31 | the clearness and functionality of these machines. At technikum29 |
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| 32 | most of these archaic devices still work.</p> |
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[1] | 33 | |
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| 34 | <div class="box left"> |
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[77] | 35 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/lochkartenstanzer.jpg" |
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| 36 | alt="Various card punchers" width="330" height="368" |
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| 37 | class="nomargin-bottom" /> |
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[1] | 38 | <div class="bildtext"> |
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[77] | 39 | <b>Card puncher devices</b> |
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| 40 | <p>For punching cards only occasionally, the small bottom device |
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| 41 | was quite sufficient, e.g. for small companies. The device in |
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| 42 | the middle of the picture is a puncher from BULL and the topmost |
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| 43 | device is a so-called "magnetic puncher" that is equipped with |
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| 44 | solenoids that punch the holes. For even higher amounts of |
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| 45 | punching requirements, there were quite more expensive |
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| 46 | "motor-driven punchers". |
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| 47 | </p> |
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| 48 | </div> |
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[1] | 49 | <p class="clear"> </p> |
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| 50 | </div> |
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| 51 | |
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[77] | 52 | <p>A typical machinery consists of a card puncher which punches the |
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| 53 | information and data on the cards, a card collator which sorts |
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| 54 | the cards from different stacks (for instance <i>adresses</i> |
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| 55 | and <i>bills</i>), a sorter which sorts with specified loads |
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| 56 | and possibly a punch card interpreter that writes the punched |
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| 57 | information on a prescribed position on the punch card.</p> |
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[1] | 58 | |
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| 59 | <div class="box center"> |
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[121] | 60 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_029-juki.jpg" alt="IBM 029 und Juki" width="580" height="340" /> |
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| 61 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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[1] | 62 | <b>IBM 029 and JUKI card puncher.</b> |
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[121] | 63 | On the left hand in the picture there is the legendary |
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| 64 | IBM 029 (build since 1964), on the right hand the JUKI puncher |
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[77] | 65 | (made in Japan). The JUKI puncher is not accidentally looking |
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| 66 | like the IBM: In 1971 IBM brought the puncher 129 on the market |
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| 67 | which buffers the content of the whole punchcard while reading. |
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| 68 | Therefore IBM selled the license to reproduce the machine. In |
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| 69 | 1971, the IBM 029 costed about 15.500 DM. |
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| 70 | </p> |
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[1] | 71 | <div class="clear"> </div> |
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| 72 | </div> |
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[121] | 73 | |
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| 74 | <div class="box center"> |
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[120] | 75 | <a name="univac1710"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/univac1710.jpg" alt="UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch" width="580" height="435" /></a> |
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[121] | 76 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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| 77 | The <b>UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch</b> (VIP) was released at |
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| 78 | the same time like the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a> |
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| 79 | in the year 1969. This device is very fast and versatile and works mostly |
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| 80 | electronically. Most likely, Univac wanted to trump IBM with this |
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| 81 | trendsetting device. The device's internals are very elaborate, but offer |
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| 82 | many advantages, compared to usual apperatures at that time: |
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| 83 | <br/>It featured semiconductor storage for both data and programs. It could |
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| 84 | handle eight programs and four auxillary data storages – programming |
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| 85 | was performed automatically once program cards have been inserted, and |
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| 86 | programs could be changed at the touch of a key. The device furthermore |
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| 87 | featured program-controlled printing during punching and verification; |
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| 88 | Keypunching errors were electronically corrected, since cards were punched |
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| 89 | only after all entries were in storage. Verifying and correction comprised |
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| 90 | a one-pass operation. Verified cards were uniquely notched while error |
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| 91 | cards were automatically ejected to a separate stacker. |
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| 92 | <br/>The device also features a large illuminated digital display that |
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| 93 | indicates which program is in control, furthermore the device could be |
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| 94 | used for subsequent card labeling. However, the device had always |
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| 95 | mechanical problems: The type wheel print was of bad quality and the |
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| 96 | card feeding could easily stop working when the adjustment wasn't |
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| 97 | perfectly fitting. |
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[120] | 98 | </p> |
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| 99 | </div> |
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| 100 | |
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[121] | 101 | |
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[120] | 102 | <div class="box center"> |
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[1] | 103 | <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm" name="backlink-sorter"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter" width="361" height="287" /><img style="margin-left: 2px;" src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.offen.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter (without cover)" width="215" height="287" /></a> |
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| 104 | <p class="center"> |
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| 105 | <b>IBM 082 punch card sorter</b>, Built since 1949 |
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| 106 | <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a> |
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| 107 | </p> |
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| 108 | </div> |
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| 109 | |
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| 110 | <div class="box center"> |
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| 111 | <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="569" height="487" /></a> |
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[121] | 112 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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[1] | 113 | <b>IBM 083 sorter</b><br/> |
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| 114 | Compared to the IBM 082 the sorting mechanics were greatly improved. The machine can sort 1000 cards |
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| 115 | per minute. Much more than 16 cards per second are not possible, due to the mechanic's inertia. This |
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| 116 | type was built since 1958. |
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| 117 | <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a> |
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| 118 | </p> |
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| 119 | </div> |
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| 120 | |
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| 121 | <div class="box center"> |
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[52] | 122 | <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a> |
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[1] | 123 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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[52] | 124 | The picture above show the heart of an <b>IBM punch card collator 077</b>, year of manufacture 1959. The collector reads 480 cards per minute. It is capable of changing the order of the cards, looking for copies (and seperating them out) or comparing two stacks and finding out the differences. Compared to today's database storages this card collator is a kind of mechanical database query language interpreter. |
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[1] | 125 | <!--<br/>The programs are plugged together on a patch panel. Thus they can easily be changed. --> |
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| 126 | <br />The electronics comprises of relays and camshafts which control |
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| 127 | switches. Early engineers had to use oilcans for the bearing's |
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| 128 | maintenance as often as a checking device. |
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| 129 | <br />The programs could be changed by replacing the programing field. |
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| 130 | <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm">The function of the punch card collator</a> |
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| 131 | </p> |
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[53] | 132 | </div> |
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| 133 | |
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| 134 | <div class="box center"> |
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| 135 | <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a> |
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[52] | 136 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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| 137 | <b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b> |
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[53] | 138 | <br/>This very big device features very much chrome and almost 1000 relays, assembled to allow developers to implement varoius mixing algorithms with wired panels. Thus collating and sorting could be performed in only one working cycle. Depending on the task, the device could process about 250 - 500 cards per minute. |
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| 139 | </p> |
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| 140 | </div> |
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| 141 | |
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| 142 | <div class="box center"> |
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[52] | 143 | <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_548.jpg" alt="IBM 548" width="450" height="509" /> |
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| 144 | <p class="bildtext"> |
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| 145 | <b>IBM 548</b>. A huge punch card interpreter made by IBM. This machine can label 60 cards |
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| 146 | per minute in 60 cols and two rows, according to the settings which you can set. |
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| 147 | </p> |
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[1] | 148 | </div> |
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