Changeset 1087 in t29-www
- Timestamp:
- Jan 8, 2017, 9:27:21 AM (7 years ago)
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- 1 deleted
- 5 edited
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de/rechnertechnik/speichermedien.php
r1086 r1087 54 54 <p class="bildtext"><i>Bild 4:<br>Laufzeitkette, hier nur drei der 120 LC-Pässe</i></p></div> 55 55 56 <p>Das abgebildete Speichermodul kann gerade mal <b>eine</b> 12-stellige Dezimalzahl speichern. Binär entspricht dies einer Speicherkapazität von ca. 6 Byte!! Sie lesen richtig: 6 Byte, nicht KB oder gar MB! In dieser frühen Phase der "Elektronischen Rechengeräte" war Speicherplatz extrem teuer und sehr voluminös. Bei der Programmierung musste man darauf extremeRücksicht nehmen.57 Ein wirklich seltener Speicher, der vor der Zeit von Kernspeichern zum Einsatz kam. Er wurde auch mit "Verzögerungsspeicher" oder "Verzögerungslinie" bezeichnet. Im BULL-Gamma-3 Rechner sind 7 Stück dieser Laufzeitspeicher eingebaut. Das entspricht 58 kg Elektronik für 42 Byte Arbeitsspeicher.</p>56 <p>Das abgebildete Speichermodul kann gerade mal <b>eine</b> 12-stellige Dezimalzahl speichern. Binär entspricht dies einer Speicherkapazität von ca. 6 Byte!! Sie lesen richtig: 6 Byte, nicht KB oder gar MB! In dieser frühen Phase der "Elektronischen Rechengeräte" war Speicherplatz extrem teuer und sehr voluminös. Bei der Programmierung musste man darauf sehr viel Rücksicht nehmen. 57 Dies ist ein wirklich seltener Speicher, der vor der Zeit von Kernspeichern zum Einsatz kam. Er wurde auch mit "Verzögerungsspeicher" oder "Verzögerungslinie" bezeichnet. Im BULL-Gamma-3 Rechner sind 7 Stück dieser Laufzeitspeicher eingebaut. Das entspricht 58 kg Elektronik für 42 Byte Arbeitsspeicher.</p> 58 58 59 59 <!-- Ende der Laufzeitspeicher-Box, Speicherausschnitt-Detailfoto --> -
en/computer/storage-media.php
r1086 r1087 34 34 35 35 <h3 id="delay-line-memory">Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3> 36 36 <p> 37 Incredibly big, next to no capacity from today's point of view and at 8.3 kg 38 extremely heavy - that is the historic memory from our vacuum tube based <a href="/en/computer/gamma3.php"> BULL 39 GAMMA 3</a> computer (vintage 1952-1959). See this marvelous device here: 40 37 41 <div class="box center"> 38 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Bull Laufzeitspeicher" width="720" height="559" /> 39 <p class="bildtext"><b>Delay-Line</b></p></div> 40 41 <div class="box left clear-after nomargin-bottom"> 42 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/speicherausschnitt.jpg" alt="Details des Laufzeitspeicherfotos" style="margin-left: 6px;" width="225" height="233" /> 43 <p class="bildtext"><b>Cutout. The LC elements can be clearly seen.</b></p> 44 45 <p> 46 One of these solutions is the so called delay line memory. 47 It consists of several chained LC-oscillators that are set 48 up as low-pass filters. In this circuit the pulses are carried slower compared 49 to ohmic conductors. Due to the high damping the pulses must be amplified again. 50 Therefore the memory is equipped with 12 tube amplifiers. After amplification 51 at the end of the LC chain, the information is read in at the beginning of the 52 chain again. In this way it runs permanentely throught the delay line memory. 53 <br/>The pictures show a memory unit which is capable of storing a decimal 54 integer with only 12 digits. Obviously storage was very expensive in the early 55 times of computing.</p> 56 </div><!-- end of details laufzeitspeicherfoto-Box --> 42 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Delay-Line" width="720" height="559" /> 43 <p class="bildtext"><i>Figure 1: Delay-Line</i></p></div> 44 45 The next picture shows the back of this memory (M1). The bottle of wine 46 serves as a comparison. The delay lines consist of 120 LC combinations which 47 serve as low-pass filters yielding, each yielding a short delay. 48 49 <div class="box left"> 50 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma3-speicher.jpg" alt="Delay line memory opened" width="478" height="380" /> 51 <p class="bildtext"><i>Figure 2 (on the left): Delay line memory opened</i></p></div> 52 53 <div class="box center"> 54 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/speicherausschnitt.jpg" alt="Details" width="225" height="233" /> 55 <p class="bildtext"><i>Figure 3: Cutout. The LC elements can be clearly seen</i></p></div> 56 57 58 After having passed through 12 such delaying low-pass filters, the signals 59 are extremely attenuated and must be regenerated. This is done by 10 tube 60 based amplifiers. At the end of such a chain of low-pass filters and 61 amplifiers, the signals are amplified again and fed to the input of the delay 62 chain. This causes a bit pattern to circulate in the memory, thus effectively 63 creating a memory. 64 65 <div class="box left"> 66 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitkette.jpg" width="478" height="119" /> 67 <p class="bildtext"><i>Figure 4: Part of a delay line - three of 120 LC combinations are visible</i></p></div> 68 69 70 The memory module shown here can store a single (!) twelve digit decimal 71 number which corresponds to about 6 byte! Not 6 MB, not 6 kB, no, six single 72 bytes! Back in the days of this computer memory was en extremely scarce 73 resource. Programmers were hard pressed to use as few memory locations as 74 possible.<br> 75 76 This kind of memory is extremely rare and predates the widespread use of 77 core-memory. It was called a "delay-line memory". The BULL GAMMA 3 uses seven 78 of these delay-line memories, corresponding to 58 kg of electronics yielding 79 a total of 42 bytes of main memory.</p> 80 81 57 82 58 83 … … 64 89 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" /> 65 90 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher-details.jpg" alt="details" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="421" height="393" /> 66 <p class="bildtext">< b>1 kB magnetostrictive delay line memory</b></p>91 <p class="bildtext"><i>1 kB magnetostrictive delay line memory</i></p> 67 92 </div> 68 93 … … 77 102 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/demo-kernspeicher.jpg" width="428" height="322" /> </a> 78 103 79 <p class="bildtext">< b>Core memory demonstration model, Transfluxor</b><br>(you can enlarge the picture!)</p>104 <p class="bildtext"><i>Core memory demonstration model, Transfluxor</i><br>(you can enlarge the picture!)</p> 80 105 81 106 <p> … … 101 126 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/triumph-kernspeicher.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="520" /> 102 127 <div class="bildtext"> 103 <p>< b>Triumph core memory</b></p>128 <p><i>Triumph core memory</i></p> 104 129 105 130 <p>The company "Triumph" created a very demonstrative core memory … … 111 136 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-ausschnitt.jpg" alt="Detailed view on the Triumph Core Memory" width="694" height="90" /> 112 137 <div class="bildtext"> 113 < p>The Triump core memory was still threaded manually, in contrast114 to the memory shown below.</ p>138 <i>The Triump core memory was still threaded manually, in contrast 139 to the memory shown below.</i> 115 140 </div> 116 141 </div> … … 129 154 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 130 155 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/kernspeicher.big.jpg" alt="Photography illustrating the size of a core memory in contrast to a match" width="629" height="443" /> 131 <p class="bildtext">< b>Storage layer with a capacity of 16.000 bit</b></p>156 <p class="bildtext"><i>Storage layer with a capacity of 16.000 bit</i></p> 132 157 </div> 133 158 … … 143 168 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 144 169 <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a> 145 <p class="bildtext">< b>Nixdorf threaded ROM</b></p>170 <p class="bildtext"><i>Nixdorf threaded ROM</i></p> 146 171 </div> 147 172 … … 155 180 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 156 181 <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="750" height="525" /></a> 157 <p class="bildtext">< b>Nixdorf magnetic stick memory</b></p>182 <p class="bildtext"><i>Nixdorf magnetic stick memory</i></p> 158 183 </div> 159 184 -
en/computer/tabulating-machine.php
r934 r1087 19 19 Nevertheless even medium-sized businesses (especially banks) had to buy 20 20 these punch card machines to work economically.</p> 21 21 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 22 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/tabelliermaschine.jpg" 23 width="679" height="658" alt="Bull PS BR Tabulating Machine" /> 24 <p class="bildtext"><i>Tabulating Machine Bull BS-PR</i></p> 25 </div> 22 26 <p>On high quality tabulating machines the patch panel could be replaced to 23 27 perform very different tasks. By plugging the cables on the programming field … … 27 31 we own other machines that are also operational to perform card driven EDP, 28 32 that is, devices for creation, sorting, mixing, etc. the cards.</p> 29 33 34 <div class="box left clear-after"> 35 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/relais1.jpg" 36 alt="Partial view of the relays" width="312" height="416"/> 37 <p class="bildtext"></p> 38 30 39 <p>We have digged out programs in order to enable our tabulating machine to calculate 31 40 bank statements as well as multiplying and dividing. However, advanced … … 33 42 to implement a good deal of operations with lengthy algorithms borrowed from 34 43 computer science. 35 44 36 45 <p>And so it came to pass that some BULL engineer asked himself why there was not yet a 37 46 way to compute square roots on the tabulating machine back then in 1959. … … 39 48 implement the <em>Toepler algorithm</em> on this machine. It turned out it was 40 49 possible and he won the bet. We came across that program and restored it back 41 to operation. We happily relieved the historical moment having the < b>world's only tabulating42 machine that can calculate square roots</b> . The algorithm works without any memory.50 to operation. We happily relieved the historical moment having the <font color="#FF0000"><b>world's only tabulating 51 machine that can calculate square roots</b></font>. The algorithm works without any memory. 43 52 There is a <a class="go" href="/shared/pdf/wurzelprogramm.pdf">program guide (PDF)</a> 44 53 in German and French. … … 49 58 of the restoration of the tabulating machine</small></p> 50 59 51 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 52 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/tabelliermaschine.jpg" 53 width="679" height="658" alt="Bull PS BR Tabulating Machine" /> 54 <p class="bildtext"><b>Tabulating Machine Bull BS-PR</b></p> 55 </div> 56 57 <p> 60 61 The control and memory of the machine is comprised of about 1500 relays. 62 <br/>10 ALUs work in parallel and are driven and synchronized by the large main motor. 63 Every revolution engages about 300 sliding contacts. In the upper part of the picture 64 you can see three ALUs. Only one of the ALUs is broken (that can be easily bypassed by 65 customizing the programs), that is quite astonishing in view of the old age. 66 67 <div class="box left"> 68 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/rechenwerk-1.jpg" alt="Rechenwerk" width="450" height="405" /> 69 <p class="bildtext"><i>Arithmetic-logic unit</i></p> 70 </div> 71 72 <div class="box right"> 73 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/rechenwerk.jpg" width="398" height="366" /> 74 </div> 75 <br> 58 76 With closed walls it looks like a strange chunk made of metal, but it 59 77 comprises impressive electromechanical technology. In the front there … … 65 83 <a href="gamma3.php">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA 3</a> 66 84 could be attached. That auxiliary tube calculator was only used for this 67 purpose. 68 </p> 69 70 <!-- 71 3 Bilder im Deutschen entfernt nach v5.7.21, zugunsten zwei einzelner. 72 73 <div class="box left"> 74 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/rechenwerke.jpg" alt="Photography of the ALU" width="357" height="476"/> 75 <p class="bildtext"> 76 The picture on the left shows the heart of the Bull BS-PR. In the foreground the card sensing circuitry can be seen. Every card is sensed twice – the first run determines if it is a program or a data card while the second run (below) reads the actual data. In addition to that this mechanism allows the comparison of successive cards. 77 </p> 78 <div class="clear"> </div> 79 </div> 80 81 <div class="box left"> 82 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/relais.jpg" alt="Partial view of the relays" width="400" height="533" /> 83 <p class="bildtext"> 84 The control and memory of the machine is comprised of about 1500 relays. 10 ALUs work in parallel and are driven and synchronized by the large main motor. Every revolution engages about 300 sliding contacts. 85 </p> 86 <div class="clear"> </div> 87 </div> 88 89 <div class="box left"> 90 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/offen.jpg" alt="Vorderansicht der geöffneten Bull-Tabelliermaschine" width="569" height="396" /> 91 <p class="bildtext"> 92 The picture on the left shows part of the complicated printing unit – in every step a complete line is printed (like later line printers did). 93 </p> 94 <div class="clear"> </div> 95 </div> 96 --> 97 98 <div class="box left clear-after"> 99 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/relais1.jpg" 100 alt="Partial view of the relays" width="312" height="416"/> 101 <p class="bildtext"> 102 The control and memory of the machine is comprised of about 1500 relays. 103 <br/>10 ALUs work in parallel and are driven and synchronized by the large main motor. 104 Every revolution engages about 300 sliding contacts. In the upper part of the picture 105 you can see three ALUs. Only one of the ALUs is broken (that can be easily bypassed by 106 customizing the programs), that is quite astonishing in view of the old age. 107 </p> 108 </div> 109 110 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 111 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenwerke.jpg" alt="ALUs of the Bull tabulating machine" width="555" height="329" /> 112 <p class="bildtext"> 113 <b>Arithmetic-logic units</b> of the tabulating machine 114 </p> 115 </div> 85 purpose.</p><br><br> 86 116 87 117 <p> We exposed twoof the 10 ALUs for an one-of-a-kind photo. The principle of sprocket wheel88 <p> We exposed one of the 10 ALUs for an one-of-a-kind photo. The principle of sprocket wheel 118 89 machines is visible to the naked eye. All calculation work is performed only by mechanical 119 90 components and read in electronically by touch-sensitive contacts. You can even read out … … 123 94 </p> 124 95 125 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">96 <div class="box left"> 126 97 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/offen1.jpg" 127 98 alt="Front view of the BULL BS PR Tabulating Machine" width="555" height="325"/> 128 99 <p class="bildtext"> 129 < b>Printing unit</b> of the tabulating machine100 <i><b>Printing unit</b> of the tabulating machine</i> 130 101 </p> 131 102 </div> -
physical-computing/index.php
r1086 r1087 63 63 64 64 <h3>Für Schüler</h3> <br> 65 In diesem Workshop lernst du das Programmieren von Arduino-Microcontrollern. Wir arbeiten zunächst mit dem "UNO" und später mit dem größeren "MEGA". Im Gegensatz zu m Robotik-Workshop in Klasse 6erfolgt hier die Programmierung in C/C++ bzw. einer stark daran angelehnten Sprache. Vorkenntnisse mit dieser Programmiersprache werden nicht erwartet, jedoch solltest du gerne logisch denken, teamfähig und neugierig sein.65 In diesem Workshop lernst du das Programmieren von Arduino-Microcontrollern. Wir arbeiten zunächst mit dem "UNO" und später mit dem größeren "MEGA". Im Gegensatz zur grafischen Programmierung im Robotik-Workshop (Klasse 6) erfolgt hier die Programmierung in C/C++ bzw. einer stark daran angelehnten Sprache. Vorkenntnisse mit dieser Programmiersprache werden nicht erwartet, jedoch solltest du gerne logisch denken, teamfähig und neugierig sein. 66 66 67 67 <div class="box left">
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