Changeset 181 in t29-www for en


Ignore:
Timestamp:
Sep 1, 2010, 4:12:03 AM (14 years ago)
Author:
sven
Message:

Synchronisiation der englischen Uebersetzung.

  • Fast alle englischen Dateien veraendert/aktualisiert.

Einige Aenderungen in der deutschen Version:

  • unter de/geraete/: Viele "Ruecklink"-Korrekturen, die jetzt ordentlich auf Ueberschriften verweisen konnen, statt wie frueher wild in den Text
  • anita.shtm: Als veraltet markiert (automatische Weiterleitung)
  • unter de/impressum.shtm sowie de/rechnertechnik: Rohtextformatierung verschoenert und Links repariert.

-- Sven

Location:
en
Files:
1 added
21 edited

Legend:

Unmodified
Added
Removed
  • en/communication/measurement.shtm

    r160 r181  
    8484
    8585    <!-- paragraph: AEG Oszi. Translated/Started at 28.07.08-->
    86     <div class="box right clear-after">
     86    <div class="box left clear-after">
    8787          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" />
    8888                  <p class="bildtext">
    8989              After the currency reform in West Germany, the production
    90               of mesurement devices got going again. This AEG
    91               oscilloscope was built in 1949. It seems to be an exact
     90              of mesurement devices got going again. This <b>AEG
     91              oscilloscope</b> was built in 1949. It seems to be an exact
    9292              replica from an AEG device of the late thirties. It is
    9393              equipped with steel tubes that were put on the German
  • en/computer/commercial.shtm

    r180 r181  
    5353        </div>
    5454       
    55         <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#threading-rom">threading ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
     55        <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#Threaded_ROM">threaded ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
    5656
    5757</div><!-- end of content -->
  • en/computer/electro-mechanical.shtm

    r168 r181  
    2020<!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" -->
    2121<div id="content">
     22
     23
     24<h2>Mechanische Rechenhilfen</h2>
     25
     26        <div class="box left clear-after">
     27        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/efzet.jpg" width="447" height="433" alt="EFZET Slide Rod Calculator" />
     28                <p class="bildtext">
     29                        For the sake of completeness, we mention the predecessors of the electro-mechanical calculators: pure
     30                        mechanical "pocket calculators" of the early days. The picture on the left shows a small slide rod calculator
     31                        from "Produx". This handy device <i>Efzet</i> was intended
     32        </p>
     33        <blockquote>for the buisenessman, industrial, craftsman, engineer, student and even the housewife</blockquote>
     34                <p>
     35                like the <a href="/en/devices/efzet.shtm" class="en">instruction sheet</a> (german only) tells.
     36                        This device does not seem to be very useful.
     37                </p>
     38        </div>
     39
    2240    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    23 
    24     <p>The first electronically calculating calculators were gigantic mainframes
    25     in the 1940/50s. Until then, calculators worked mechanically.
    26     <!--Calculators worked mechanically until they could calculate electronically, which was
    27     only possible with gigantic mainframe computers in the 1940/50s.-->
    28 
    29     When the handwheel was replaced by an electric engine, the era of mechanical calculators began.</p>
     41    <p>
     42            The first electronically calculating calculators were gigantic mainframes
     43        in the 1940/50s. Until then, calculators worked mechanically.
     44        When the handwheel was replaced by an electric engine, the era of mechanical
     45            calculators began.
     46        </p>
     47    <p>
     48            <!--The first printing mechanical calculator (1905) is an unicum with an huge exterior engine!-->
     49        From the first fully automatic machines (1927) until calculators with
     50                accumulating memory (1960s), mechanical calculators computed the result
     51                indepently after user input.
     52                Curta I, The world's first "pocket calculator", has 1/3 from the volume of a
     53        Coca Cola-pin and is consequently the smallest four-species machine ever built.
     54                Looking at mechanical calculators, one quickly recognize the enormous
     55                importance of the positional notation.</p>
     56        <p>
    3057
    3158    <div class="box left clear-after">
     
    3360        <p class="bildtext">
    3461           <b>Burroughs Mod. 2.</b>
    35            The first printing calculating machine was invented in the USA (about 1905) and was selled worldwide. It features a complete keyboard for 17 digits, a printing unit and a long carriage for the sheet paper. The device could be used as a simple electronic accounting machine. At that time the engines could already be built just compact enough for such a device. Anyway, the (for today's circumstances) huge engine had to be placed below the device (on the right hand side in the picture). The sack below the engine is intended for collecting the leakage oil.
     62           The first printing calculating machine was invented in the USA (about 1905)
     63                   and was selled worldwide. It features a complete keyboard for 17 digits, a
     64                   printing unit and a long carriage for the sheet paper. The device could be
     65                   used as a simple electronic accounting machine. At that time the engines
     66                   could already be built just compact enough for such a device. Anyway, the
     67                   huge engine (for today's circumstances) had to be placed below the device
     68                   (on the right hand side in the picture). The sack below the engine is
     69                   intended for collecting the leakage oil.
    3670        </p>
    3771    </div>
    3872
    39     <p>The first printing mechanical calculator (1905) is an unicum with an huge exterior engine!
    40     From the first fully automatic machines (1927) until these with balancing memory
    41     (1960s), mechanical calculators calculated independently after the input of the numbers.
    42     The world's first "pocket calculator machine", Curta I, has 1/3 from the volume of a
    43     Coca Cola-pin and is consequently the smallest four-species machine ever built.
    44     If you look at the picture of Curta I (shown below), you recognize the enormous importance of the
    45     positional notation.</p>
    46 
    47     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     73    <div class="box right clear-after">
    4874        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/madas1.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Madas Rechenmaschiene" />
    49         <p class="bildtext">Shown above: MADAS, an electromechanical calculator from 1927
     75        <p class="bildtext"><b>MADAS</b>, an electromechanical calculator from 1927
    5076        made by the calculating machine factury "Egli AG" in Zurich.
    51                 Since multiplying and dividing needs some time, the inventors installed a small bell (at the upper
    52                 left) that rings after the calculation has finished.</p>
     77                Since multiplying and dividing needs some time, the inventors installed a small
     78                bell (at the upper left) that rings after the calculation has finished.</p>
    5379    </div>
    5480
    55     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     81    <div class="box left clear-after">
    5682        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rheinmetall.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="Rheinmetall Superautomat" />
    57         <p class="bildtext">1932 Rheinmetall extended an adding machine with an "annex",
    58           thus they made a 4-species calculating machine.
    59           The comfortable usability seems to be the reason why they called it "Superautomat".</p>
     83        <p class="bildtext">In 1932, <b>Rheinmetall</b> extended an adding machine with
     84                  a surface mounting, thus creating a 4-species calculating machine.
     85          The comfortable usability seems to be the reason why they called it "Superautomat".
     86                  Calculating is the only ability of this colossus.
     87                </p>
     88    </div>
     89       
     90        <div class="box right clear-after">
     91        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/curta.jpg" width="500" height="489" alt="Curta I and Curta II" />
     92            <p class="bildtext">
     93                    <b>Curta I and Curta II</b>
     94                        <br>These outstanding small pocket calculators were produced almost
     95                        unmodified from 1948 to ca. 1971. This is unbelievable for today's
     96                        technology products. The Curta could perform all basic arithmetic
     97                        operations.
     98                        Packing all the complex mechanics into such a small volume was an enormous
     99                        challenge. For comparision of the sizes, we put a matchbox from the same
     100                        era on the picture.
     101                        <br>The Internet is full of literature about the Curta, e.g. the
     102                        <a href="http://www.vcalc.net/cu-bckup.htm">story about inventor Curt
     103                        Herzstark</a>.
     104                </p>
    60105    </div>
    61106
    62 
    63     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     107        <div class="box right clear-after">
    64108        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-vsr18.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="DIEHL VSR-18" />
    65109        <p class="bildtext"><b>DIEHL VSR-18</b>, one of many mechanical calculators
     
    70114        cache results and to transfer back them anytime you want to. With this feature
    71115        daily calculations like 25 + 12 x 7 - 17 x 6 could be solved without notating
    72         anything. However, this luxury still had a drawback: You must not run them wrongly,
    73         because they were highly sensitive agains any operating error.</p>
     116        anything. However, this luxury still had a drawback: Maloperation could damage the
     117                whole device.</p>
    74118    </div>
    75119
  • en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm

    r168 r181  
    3030    costed the price of a VW beetle and an holiday trip.</p>
    3131
    32     <div class="box center">
     32    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    3333        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita.jpg" width="650" height="487" alt="Antia C/VIII" />
    34         <p class="bildtext"><b>Anita Mark C/VIII</b> (Manufactor: BELL PUNCH Co, England), an historic calculator that revolutionised calculating on desktops.
    35         For the first time, you could multiply and divide without mechanics and noise. Technically speaken, the device was actually obsolete in 1962. The calculator works in decimal system, just as every other mechanical sprocket wheel machine. It still took two years until transistorized desk calculators (IME 84) came onto the market.
    36         </p>
    37     </div>
     34                <p class="bildtext"><b>Anita Mark C/VIII</b></p>
     35        </div>
     36        <p>
     37           The ANITA ("<b>A</b> <b>N</b>ew <b>I</b>nspiration <b>T</b>o <b>A</b>rithmetik") was
     38           manufactured by BELL PUNCH Co, England. This historic calculator revolutionised
     39           computing on desktops.
     40       For the first time, you could multiply and divide without mechanics or noise. With a
     41           3 kHz clock the device calculated ten times faster than the best contemporary
     42           mechanical calculators. Anyway, technically speaken, the device was actually
     43           obsolete in 1962. The calculator works in decimal system, just as every other
     44           mechanical sprocket wheel machine. It still took two years until a transistorized desk
     45           calculator (IME 84) came onto the market.
     46    </p>
    3847
    39 <div class="box center">
     48
     49<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    4050    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-innen.jpg" width="694" height="520" alt="Photography of Anita's 'inner life'" />
    41     <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 694px;">
     51    <p class="bildtext">
    4252        The "nightly" Anita inner life: The thyratrons flow redly, flashing during calculating.
    4353    </p>
     
    4555
    4656
    47 <div class="box center">
     57<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    4858    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-anzeige.jpg" width="396" height="268" alt="Anita's display" />
    49     <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 396px;">
     59    <p class="bildtext">
    5060        This is a part from the numeric display. The gas-filled nixie tubes
    5161        (glow lamp's principe) came onto the marktet just in time.
     
    5464
    5565
    56 <div class="box center">
     66<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    5767    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-teile.jpg" width="516" height="250" alt="Multiple parts of Anita" />
    58     <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 516px;">
     68    <div class="bildtext">
    5969    <p>
    6070        The upper circuit board contains a ring counter. The gas-filled thyratrons are very small. This
  • en/computer/gamma10.shtm

    r155 r181  
    1818<!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" -->
    1919<div id="content">
    20     <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
     20    <h2>A second generation calculator: The BULL GAMMA&nbsp;10</h2>
    2121
    2222    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     
    6161          The chassis is metallic bright and glossy. It is clearly arranged
    6262          and therefore the machine is quite easy to maintain.
     63                  <!--
    6364          <br/>We want to repair this computer, too (see our page
    6465          <a href="/en/search.shtm">We are looking for...</a>). By now the
     
    6869          punch cards, as well as the first mathematical programs.
    6970          That's really sensational for such an old computer.
     71                  -->
     72                  <br>By now the whole mechanics are working again, which is the core
     73                  part of the computer. After adjusting the temperature of the
     74                  heated core memory and replacing some broken transistors, the
     75                  program for doubling punch cards runs again, as well as some
     76                  mathematics programs.
    7077    </p>
    7178
     
    139146        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anelex-drucker.jpg"
    140147          alt="ANELEX high speed printer" width="485" height="423" />
    141         <p class="bildtext">
    142           <b>ANELEX high speed printer, series 5</b>,
    143           with lifted cover.
    144         </p>
     148        <div class="bildtext">
     149          <p><b>ANELEX high speed printer, series 5</b>,
     150             with lifted cover.</p>
     151                  <p>This printer could be a good auxillary device to the GAMMA 10
     152                     computer: It is a drum printer, like the original printer,
     153                         and the cirtcuitry operates also on a negative logic level
     154                         (germanium transistors). Anelex uses a core memory for the
     155                         buffer, too. Anyway the printer cannot simply plugged into
     156                         the computer, because the original BULL printer works with
     157                         the buffer memory which is placed directly in the CPU of the
     158                         GAMMA 10. Since we don't want to modify the GAMMA 10 internal
     159                         architecture, we currently implement a microcontroller driven
     160                         interface between those two systems.
     161                  </p>
     162        </div>
    145163     </div>
    146164
  • en/computer/ic-technology.shtm

    r168 r181  
    4646          <h3>WANG 700</h3>
    4747      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    48           <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" name="backlink-wang700" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>
     48          <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>
    4949          <p class="bildtext">Unique system <b>WANG 700</b></p>
    5050          </div>
     
    5656
    5757         
     58        <h3>WANG 500</h3>
     59        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     60        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang500.jpg" alt="WANG 500 with card reader" width="650" height="388"/>
     61            <p class="bildtext"><b>WANG 500</b> with card reader</p>
     62    </div>
     63        <p>
     64            WANGs versioning scheme is a bit unusual: The computers were released in this order: 700, 500, 600, 400.
     65            <br>The Wang 400 (year of manufacture 1971 is a pared-down version of the 700.
     66                The most important scientific functions were programmed directly in the
     67                threaded ROM, they did not have to be loaded via cassette any more. In the
     68                upper left they embedded a small drum printer (The Olivetti P 101 already
     69                featured such a printer in 1966). The cassette drive for recording programs
     70                is the same like in the 700. The "marker card" reader (instead of regular punch
     71                cards, the fields are only blackend) was perfect for schools and
     72                universities. Many users could mark cards manually with a simple pencil and afterwards
     73                test them on a single computer.
     74                <br>Wang promoted the computer as "The World's Second Most Powerful Calculator"
     75                (Wang 700 was the first one). This slogan could only refer to the computing speed,
     76                since the HP 9100 was much more universal. The 500 series is very rare, since
     77                it was superseded by the Wang 500 shortly after being released.
     78                The computer in the picture is new and unused. It has been found in the basement
     79                of an old stock from Wang and was passed to the museum, still unused. Therefore
     80                it looks great, even being more than 40 years old.
     81        </p>
     82         
    5883        <h3>Diehl Combitronic</h3>
    5984       
    6085    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    61         <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" name="backlink-diehl-combitronic" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img
     86        <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img
    6287              src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a>
    6388                <p class="bildtext"><b>Diehl Combitronic</b> with paper tape reader and puncher</p>
     
    89114            <ul>
    90115              <li>In the center there is the HP 9100 (see
    91                   <a href="/en/computer/programmable.shtm">Programmable
     116                  <a href="/en/computer/programmable.shtm#Hewlett_Packard_HP_9100">Programmable
    92117                  second-generation calculators</a> for description)</li>
    93118              <li>Above the successor model HP 9810 (same logic like the HP 9100
  • en/computer/storage-media.shtm

    r140 r181  
    4545       and most spread memories are the ferromagnetic memories.</p>
    4646
    47     <h3>Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3>
     47    <h3 id="delay-line-memory">Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3>
    4848        <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;">
    4949        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a delay line memory" width="435" height="338" /><img
  • en/computer/transistors.shtm

    r140 r181  
    2424    <!-- klingt scheiße: <p class="progress10">Jolt by the calculators featuring all tube technology, now a vehement race of the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began.</p>-->
    2525
    26     <p>Due to the accelerated progress of calculators featuring all tube technology, the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began.</p>
     26    <p>
     27           After the <a href="/en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm">ANITA tube calculator</a>,
     28           the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began. Due to the
     29           increasing number of users, the development was very lucrative, even facing the
     30           enormous costs.
     31           <br>Every company that released a device designed completely another architecture.
     32           Soon afterwards, many different concepts emerged. The following devices are a
     33           selection of very early devices (year of manufacture 1964-1965).
     34        </p>
    2735
     36        <h3>IME 84: The world's first transistorized desk calculator (1964)</h3>
    2837    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    29         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ime84.jpg" alt="IME 84" width="456" height="288" />
    30         <p class="bildtext"><b>IME 84</b>, the world's first desk calculator using transistors. Among others, it features an appealing design (1964!). Compared to the IME 84, the german device made by Olympia looks ungracefully.
    31         <br />This calculator is at least able to exponentiate a number and uses a core memory.</p>
     38        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ime84.jpg" alt="IME 84" width="694" height="415" />
     39        <p class="bildtext">
     40                   <b>IME 84</b> (<i>Industria Macchine Elettroniche</i>) was the world's first
     41                   desk calculator using transistors. This was an enormous progress, compared to the ANITA.
     42           Using a <a href="/en/computer/storage-media.shtm#Core_memory">core memory</a>, there was
     43                   much more memory, allowing many more application fields.
     44           <br>This calculator is at least able to exponentiate a number, but it cannot yet extract
     45                   a root.
     46                   <br>The design of this device is quite appealing. In comparisation, the german device made
     47                   by Olympia looks ungracefully.
     48                </p>
     49    </div>
     50        <div class="box left clear-after">
     51                <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/robox103.jpg" alt="Robox 103" width="214" height="211" />
     52                <p class="bildtext">
     53                   The device has a strange interface on the left side to connect the <b>ROBOX 103</b>
     54                   (see picture on the left). Using this small device, one could enter numbers much faster.
     55                   Turing the switch to "Addition" enables auto-addding the number just entered after a short
     56                   timeout. This yields the great disadvantage: If the operator was too slow (or made some
     57                   short break), only parts are taken over in the memory, without any response. Thus the complete
     58                   calculation was error-prone. The successor "IME 86" therefore didn't feature an ROBOX
     59                   interface any more.
     60                </p>
     61        </div>
     62       
     63        <h3>Canon Canola 130</h3>
     64        <div class="box left clear-after">
     65                <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/canola-130.jpg" alt="The Canola 130 (above in closed state, below opened, from the back)" width="380" height="575" />
     66                <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/canola-display.jpg" alt="Canola 130 display macro photography" width="148" height="138" />
     67                <p class="bildtext">
     68                        In 1964, Canon built the first electronical desk calculator of Japan, using germanium transistors
     69                        and flip flop memories. Optically it looks like a prototype.
     70                        The whole back of the device consists of very big boards. They are not stucked, but soldered, at the
     71                        cost of ease of service. This was typical for the year 1964, when companies tried to get their device
     72                        as fast as possible on the global market.
     73                        <br>The display is remarkable. Instead of using Nixie tubes, the device features 143 lamps and a lot of
     74                        light conductors to create digits and the decimal point. The only advantage of this technology over
     75                        Nixie tubes is the appealing luminescent paint.
     76                </p>
     77        </div>
     78
     79        <h3>Olympia RAE 4/30-3 und Wanderer Conti</h3>
     80        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     81                <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olympia-wanderer.jpg" alt="Olympia RAE 30 (left) and Wanderer Conti (right)" width="694" height="278" />
     82        <p class="bildtext center"><b>Olympia RAE 4/30-3 (left) and Wanderer Conti (right)</b></p>
     83        </div>
     84
     85        <p>
     86            The <b>Olympia-Werke AG</b> (Germany) invented the "Elektronischen Vierspezies-Rechenautomat" (electronical
     87                calculator for adding, substracting, multiplying and dividing). The distinctive feature was floating point
     88                arithmetic, 3 ALUs, 1 storage unit and 3 "memory units" (3 random use registers).
     89                The device contains a 384 bit manually threaded core memory, Germanium transistors and Nixie tubes, but no
     90                external interface. Therefore users could not store or load programs. Olympia missed this important step,
     91                thus the calculator became obsolete soon. The design was also quite outdated - the device turns yellow
     92                quickly in the sun.
     93        <br>The same device was reselled in the USA by <b>Monroe</b> with the type number 770.
     94        </p>
     95        <p>
     96            The legendary <b>WANDERER-WERKE AG</b> were a typical company specialized on office machines and launched
     97                the WANDERER CONTI in 1965. You can read the original prospect of the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.shtm"
     98                title="Wanderer Conti original brochure">"first printing electonic universal automate"</a>. This leading role
     99                did only last for some weeks, since Olivetty and Diehl continuously followed.
     100        </p>
     101
     102    <p>The first digital transistorised calculator was produced in Italy (IME 84, 1964). In 1965,
     103        OLYMPIA built a calculator which was capable of handling floating-point numbers and at the
     104        same time, the company WANDERER released the .</p>
     105    <!--Gibts ja jetzt mit Bild: FRIDEN from the USA surprised with a calculator that displayed the contents of four registers on one cathod ray tube at the same time. But all these calculators could only compute with the four fundamental arithmetic operations, like many others. At least some of them could already extract a root. A core memory mostly served as storagemedia. The memory shown below is especially illustrative.</p>-->
     106
     107        <h3>FRIDEN 130 (132)</h3>
     108    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     109        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden130.jpg" alt="Friden 130" width="694" height="497" />
     110        <p class="bildtext center"><b>FRIEDEN 130</b></p>
     111        </div>
     112        <p>
     113            The american <b>Friden Calculating Machine Company</b> was already pioneer in desk
     114                calculation technology: In the mid-50s they built the first mechanical calculator
     115                in series that was able to extract a root.
     116        </p>
     117        <div class="box left clear-after">
     118        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden-display.jpg" alt="Display des Friden 130" width="274" height="134" />
     119                <p class="bildtext">
     120                    In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a
     121                    CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine.
     122                The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#Magnetostrictive_memory">magnetostrictive line</a>.
     123            <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in
     124                    a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic
     125                    operations was sold for about 5000 DM while the larger model, the FRIDEN 132, which included a
     126                    square root function was priced at 6700 DM.
     127                </p>
    32128    </div>
    33129
    34     <p>The first digital transistorised calculator was produced in Italy (IME 84, 1964). In 1965, OLYMPIA built a calculator which was capable of handling floating-point numbers and at the same time, the company WANDERER released the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.shtm" title="Wanderer Conti original brochure">"first printing electonic universal automate"</a>.</p>
    35     <!--Gibts ja jetzt mit Bild: FRIDEN from the USA surprised with a calculator that displayed the contents of four registers on one cathod ray tube at the same time. But all these calculators could only compute with the four fundamental arithmetic operations, like many others. At least some of them could already extract a root. A core memory mostly served as storagemedia. The memory shown below is especially illustrative.</p>-->
    36 
    37     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    38         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden.130.jpg" alt="Friden 130" width="500" height="305" />
    39         <p class="bildtext"><b>FRIEDEN 130</b></p>
    40         </div>
    41        
    42         <p> In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-time-storage">magnetostrictive line</a>.
    43         <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic operations was sold for about 5000 DM while the larger model, the FRIDEN 132, which included a square root function was priced at 6700 DM.</p>
    44     </p>
    45 
    46     <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p>
    47 
    48      <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
    49 
     130        <!--
     131    <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic
     132        arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most
     133        cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p>
     134        <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
     135        -->
    50136</div><!-- end of content -->
    51137<!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" -->
  • en/computer/univac9200.shtm

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    2121       
    2222        <p>The Univac 9200 (Univac 9300) is a punch card computing data center from 1966. It is not
    23            common that such old devices are completely preserverd, furthermore all
     23           common that such old devices are completely preserverd, even all
    2424           manuals are available. This system was stored over four years in the museum
    2525           archives until we moved it with a freight company just into the museum, next
    2626           to the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400</a>.</p>
    2727           
    28         <p>The restauration started with cleaning all the devices, removing the typical
     28        <p>After moving the devices with a trucking company to the museum buidling,
     29           the restauration started with cleaning all the devices, removing the typical
    2930           old rotten noise-absorbing mats at the very first. They have been replaced by
    3031           brand new cellular rubber.</p>
     
    6465
    6566
    66         <h3><a name="blog">Restoration Blog</a></h3>   
     67        <h3 id="blog">Restoration Blog</h3>     
    6768        <p><b>17.01.2010:</b> There were some mice in the power supply and printer, they
    6869           bit thorught some small cables.
     
    8182                selected via switches.</p>
    8283        </div>
    83         <p><b>April 2010:</b> The boot process of the device is still crashing. There is
     84        <p><b>15.04.2010:</b> The boot process of the device is still crashing. There is
    8485            an error message from the printer without any reason. We are trying to
    8586                locate this error.
    86         <p><b>Beginning of May 2010:</b> A broken thyristor (hammer driver) raised the
     87        <p><b>02.05.2010:</b> A broken thyristor (hammer driver) raised the
    8788            "printer error" message. Data integrity was the most important part at those
    8889                time: If only one of the 140 printer columns is not working correctly, the whole
    8990                printer goes offline to avoid wrong output.
    90         <p><b>Middle of May 2010:</b> We could get the plated wire storage online. We
     91        <p><b>10.05.2010:</b> We could get the plated wire storage online. We
    9192            can even start some small test programs via the input switches, but there are
    9293                bugs while running. This is perhaps the unique device that still uses the old
    9394                plated wire storage. Anyway we are planing a replacement.
    94         </p>
     95        <p><b>12.06.2010:</b> After callibrating the optical card reader, we could read in
     96           and execute small programs in the data memory. We will report about the high
     97           security level at the card reading process later. Surprisingly the plated wire
     98           storage still works.</p>
     99        <p><b>16.06.2010:</b> The card puncher doesn't work any more. 30 years inactivity
     100           are a long time for computers, too.
     101           <br>On the other side, we could execute a printer loop program. The huge printer
     102           starts up, but doesn't print yet. After two minutes, a thermal fuse triggers.</p>
     103        <p><b>25.06.2010:</b> The fuse is triggerd by a broken centrifugal switch from the
     104           printer engine start-up windings. Therefore the winding was always on and
     105           dissipated constantly current. Now the engine is running, but print commands
     106           are not yet executed.
     107           <br>We also could find a bug in the memory. Now all 8kB seem to run completely
     108           error-free.</p>
     109        <p><b>30.06.2010:</b> We could locate another bug in the printer logic (faulty
     110           transistor). The first time after 30 years, the bar printer works and is capable of
     111           printing files from various punch cards. The type face looks good.
     112           <br>Now we turn towards the damaged printer.</p>
     113        <p><b>05.08.2010:</b> After replacing a broken transistor and injecting some oil,
     114           the puncher is up and running! Now we are able of duplicating punch cards.
     115           Unfortunately we had to disable the error checking functions since the device
     116           detected a non-existing error at punching. Locating this error is the next
     117           problem.</p>
    95118       
     119        <i>This blog will be irregulary continued.</i>
    96120
    97121</div><!-- end of content -->
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    4646    </div>
    4747
    48     <h3>Image use policy and information about reusing technikum29 website contents</h3>
     48    <h3 id="image-copyright">Image use policy and information about reusing technikum29 website contents</h3>
    4949    <p>Since we recieved a great number of image usage requests, the following information
    5050       may give you an overview how you can resue the contents, especially the pictures,
  • en/devices/anita.shtm

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    2828
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     34       
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    3036    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-innen.jpg" width="694" height="520" alt="Photography of Anita's 'inner life'" />
  • en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm

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    99   --><!--#set var="prev_title"   value="Early commercial computers: NCR 446"
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    2727   <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/nixdorf_820-konsole.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Konsole" width="694" height="520" />
    28    <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 694px">
    29       <!--
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    88   --><!--#set var="title_de"     value="Die Funktion des Lochkartenmischers"
    9    --><!--#set var="prev"         value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm#backlink-ibm077"
     9   --><!--#set var="prev"         value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm#Collators"
    1010   --><!--#set var="prev_title"   value="Punch card computing: IBM 77"
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     9   --><!--#set var="prev"         value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm#Sorters"
    1010   --><!--#set var="prev_title"   value="Punch card computing: IBM 082, IBM 083"
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    36    </div>
    37    -->
     24<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     25   <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320,keyboard.jpg" alt="Wang 320 SE Keyboard and a punch card" width="600" height="596"/>
     26
     27   <p>
     28      For displaying 10x10 digits, 9 decimal places and the leading sign the device
     29          needs only 14 data lines. Hence Wang already implemented multiplexing.
     30      <br>The punch card contains a program for computing sinus values. It actually
     31          simulates keyboard input. The display shows the result for <code>sin(60°)</code>,
     32          whereas the last four positions are inaccurate.
     33          <br>The picture below shows some details from the inner life with keyboard and
     34          nixie tubes, glow lamps (for showing the comma) and transistors for amplifying.
     35          The switches in the background are part of the keyboard.
     36   </p>
     37
     38   <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang-nixietube.jpg" alt="Wang Nixie tubes" width="595" height="446"/>
    3839</div>
     40
    3941
    4042</div><!--content-->
  • en/devices/wang700.shtm

    r31 r181  
    77   --><!--#set var="url_de"       value="geraete/wang700.shtm"
    88   --><!--#set var="title_de"     value=""
    9    --><!--#set var="prev"         value="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700"
     9   --><!--#set var="prev"         value="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm#WANG_700"
    1010   --><!--#set var="prev_title"   value="Programmable third-generation calculators with early IC-technology"
    1111   --><!--#set var="next"         value=""
     
    2323<!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" -->
    2424<div id="content">
    25     <h2 class="center"><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
     25    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    2626
    2727<div class="center">
    2828   <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-detail.jpg" alt="Wang 700" width="595" height="446" />
    29    <!--
    30    <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 595px;">
    31       <ul id="nav">
    32           <li><a href="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">Programmable third-generation calculators with early IC-technology</a></li>
    33         <li><a href="/en/">Homepage of technikum29-Website</a></li>
    34       </ul>
    35    </div>-->
    3629</div>
    3730
  • en/miscellaneous.shtm

    r153 r181  
    2828
    2929    <p>
    30        It's quite incredible to see these amazing marvels of technology,
    31        concerning jukeboxes. They were typically made only of natural
    32        materials like leather, gum, wood, bone glue, felt, metal, paper,
     30       It's a great experience see and hear such old jukeboxes, typically made
     31       only of natural materials like leather, gum, wood, bone glue, felt, metal, paper,
    3332       ivory and glas.
    34        <br/>By assembling these elements on an intelligent way, you can
     33       <br/>By assembling these elements on an intelligent way, one could
    3534       build a simple mechanical machine which is especially impressive
    3635       for today's people. Here at the technikum29, we will show you how
     
    5251     </div>
    5352
    54      <p>The technikum29 also features a movie projector from 1951 (there are
     53     <p>The technikum29 has a movie projector from 1951 (there are
    5554        more and even older projectors from the 1930s that are stored in the
    5655        archive for lack of space).</p>
     
    5857        Movie projectors have always been very complex devices. At that time,
    5958        the bright picture projection was archived with an arc light which was
    60         generated between two carbon pencils. The waste heat was piped via a
     59        generated between two carbon pencils. The waste heat was deflected via a
    6160        chimney pipe! <!-- stupid mode... -->
    62         Since the pencils got shorter and shorter while the movie went on, they
    63         had to be moved continously closer together for producing a constant
    64         luminosity. Otherwise the light goes out.
    65         <br/>We will repair this device to show you an original
    66         newsreel from the 1960s.
     61        Since the pencils got shorter and shorter while the movie went on, they
     62        had to be moved continously closer together for producing a constant
     63        luminosity. Otherwise the light goes out.
     64        <br/>We will repair this device to show an original newsreel from the 1960s.
    6765    </p>
    6866
  • en/news.shtm

    r165 r181  
    3030<ul class="news-feed">
    3131        <li><h3>June 2010</h3>
    32                 We are writing an ongoing <a href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm#blog">Blog about the UNIVAC 9300 reparation</a>. The english translation won't be always up to date, so take a look at the original <a href="/de/rechnertechnik/univac9200.shtm#blog">german <i>Reparatur-Blog</i></a> if you really want to get the latest news.
     32                We are writing an ongoing <a href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm#blog">Blog about the UNIVAC 9300 reparation</a>.
    3333        </li>
    3434
  • en/search.shtm

    r173 r181  
    1717    <meta name="DC.Subject" content="technikum29 what we are seeking/looking for..." />
    1818    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    19     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="19.07.2009" />
    20     <meta name="t29.comment" content="+Analex High Speed Printer -Type wheel" />       
    2119</head>
    2220<body>
     
    2523    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    2624
     25        <div class="box left clear-after">
     26                <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/digicorder.jpg" alt="IME Digicorder" width="299" height="374" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     27                <p class="bildtext">
     28                        We are looking for an <b>Digicorder DG 408</b> or <b>DG 308</b> for the
     29                        IME 86 <a href="/en/computer/transistors.shtm">desk calculator</a>.
     30                        <br>Exchange objects are available on demand.
     31                </p>
     32        </div>
     33       
     34    <div class="box left clear-after">
     35        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/plattenstapel.jpg" alt="disk pack" width="237" height="189" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     36        <p class="bildtext">
     37           We currently have problems with the adjustment of the disc head
     38           from our UNIVAC 8425. There was special <b>UNIVAC callibration disc</b> (looking
     39           like the disc in the picture on the left) for the adjustment. It's
     40           actually impossible to adjust the heads without that disc.
     41        </p>
     42        </div>
    2743
    28     <div class="box left">
    29        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anelex.jpg" alt="Anelex High Speed Printer" width="299" height="271" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    30        <div class="bildtext">
    31             <h3>Anelex High Speed Printer manuals</h3>
    32             <p>We are looking for technical documentation for this <b>Anelex High Speed Printer
    33             Series 5</b>. The (drum) printer was attached to
    34             an Electrologica EL X8 (year of manufacture 1965) or DEC PDP6 (Line Printer Type 646) or Hitachi H-8245 and H-8246. Perhaps it's mentioned in
    35             the manuals of that computer.</p>
    36             <p>Any hints would be appreciated!</p>
    37         </div>
    38         <div class="clear"></div>
    39     </div>
    40 
    41     <div class="box left">
    42         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gamma-10-drucker.jpg" alt="Printer from the BULL GAMMA 10 EDP" width="237" height="256" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    43         <div class="bildtext">
    44             <h3>BULL GAMMA 10 Printer</h3>
    45             <p>This is the printer from our <a href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm#bull10">BULL GAMMA 10</a>, but
    46             unfortunately it is incomplete: The small case with the auxillary electronics is missing. Therefore we are looking for a complete printer or a part from another GAMMA 10 setup.</p>
    47          </div>
    48          <div class="clear"></div>
    49     </div>
    50        
    51     <div class="box left">
    52         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/plattenstapel.jpg" alt="disk pack" width="237" height="189" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    53         <div class="bildtext">
    54            <h3>UNIVAC callibration disc</h3>
    55            <p>We currently have problems with the adjustment of the disc head
    56            from our UNIVAC 8425. There was special "callibration disc" (looking
    57            like the disc in the picture on the left) for the adjustment. It's
    58            actually impossible to adjust the heads without that disc. Therefore
    59            we're looking urgently for such a disc, on a loan basis, too.
    60            </p>
    61         </div>
    62         <div class="clear"></div>
    63 </div>
     44        <p>We are also looking for germanium transistors that are required for reperation of old computers.</p>
    6445
    6546        <h3>Devices and Manuals</h3>
    66        
    6747    <p>We are always looking for:</p>
    6848    <ul>
    69         <li>A manual for the <a href="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#ncr-backlink">NCR 446</a> (or at least a copy)</li>
     49        <li><b>Tektronix Oscilloscope 555 (Dual Beam)</b></li>
    7050        <li>Any kind of tube calculators</li>
    7151        <li>Very old plotter</li>
    7252        <li>Any kind of telegraph technology</li>
     53        <li>A manual for the <a href="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#ncr-backlink">NCR 446</a> (or at least a copy)</li>
    7354        <li>All manuals for the <a href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm#bull3">BULL GAMMA 3</a> and <a href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm#bull10">GAMMA 10</a></li>
    7455        <li>... and everything that is suitable for our collection</li>
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