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- Sep 1, 2010, 4:12:03 AM (14 years ago)
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en/communication/measurement.shtm
r160 r181 84 84 85 85 <!-- paragraph: AEG Oszi. Translated/Started at 28.07.08--> 86 <div class="box right clear-after">86 <div class="box left clear-after"> 87 87 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" /> 88 88 <p class="bildtext"> 89 89 After the currency reform in West Germany, the production 90 of mesurement devices got going again. This AEG91 oscilloscope was built in 1949. It seems to be an exact90 of mesurement devices got going again. This <b>AEG 91 oscilloscope</b> was built in 1949. It seems to be an exact 92 92 replica from an AEG device of the late thirties. It is 93 93 equipped with steel tubes that were put on the German -
en/computer/commercial.shtm
r180 r181 53 53 </div> 54 54 55 <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm# threading-rom">threadingROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>55 <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#Threaded_ROM">threaded ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p> 56 56 57 57 </div><!-- end of content --> -
en/computer/electro-mechanical.shtm
r168 r181 20 20 <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> 21 21 <div id="content"> 22 23 24 <h2>Mechanische Rechenhilfen</h2> 25 26 <div class="box left clear-after"> 27 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/efzet.jpg" width="447" height="433" alt="EFZET Slide Rod Calculator" /> 28 <p class="bildtext"> 29 For the sake of completeness, we mention the predecessors of the electro-mechanical calculators: pure 30 mechanical "pocket calculators" of the early days. The picture on the left shows a small slide rod calculator 31 from "Produx". This handy device <i>Efzet</i> was intended 32 </p> 33 <blockquote>for the buisenessman, industrial, craftsman, engineer, student and even the housewife</blockquote> 34 <p> 35 like the <a href="/en/devices/efzet.shtm" class="en">instruction sheet</a> (german only) tells. 36 This device does not seem to be very useful. 37 </p> 38 </div> 39 22 40 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 23 24 <p>The first electronically calculating calculators were gigantic mainframes 25 in the 1940/50s. Until then, calculators worked mechanically. 26 <!--Calculators worked mechanically until they could calculate electronically, which was 27 only possible with gigantic mainframe computers in the 1940/50s.--> 28 29 When the handwheel was replaced by an electric engine, the era of mechanical calculators began.</p> 41 <p> 42 The first electronically calculating calculators were gigantic mainframes 43 in the 1940/50s. Until then, calculators worked mechanically. 44 When the handwheel was replaced by an electric engine, the era of mechanical 45 calculators began. 46 </p> 47 <p> 48 <!--The first printing mechanical calculator (1905) is an unicum with an huge exterior engine!--> 49 From the first fully automatic machines (1927) until calculators with 50 accumulating memory (1960s), mechanical calculators computed the result 51 indepently after user input. 52 Curta I, The world's first "pocket calculator", has 1/3 from the volume of a 53 Coca Cola-pin and is consequently the smallest four-species machine ever built. 54 Looking at mechanical calculators, one quickly recognize the enormous 55 importance of the positional notation.</p> 56 <p> 30 57 31 58 <div class="box left clear-after"> … … 33 60 <p class="bildtext"> 34 61 <b>Burroughs Mod. 2.</b> 35 The first printing calculating machine was invented in the USA (about 1905) and was selled worldwide. It features a complete keyboard for 17 digits, a printing unit and a long carriage for the sheet paper. The device could be used as a simple electronic accounting machine. At that time the engines could already be built just compact enough for such a device. Anyway, the (for today's circumstances) huge engine had to be placed below the device (on the right hand side in the picture). The sack below the engine is intended for collecting the leakage oil. 62 The first printing calculating machine was invented in the USA (about 1905) 63 and was selled worldwide. It features a complete keyboard for 17 digits, a 64 printing unit and a long carriage for the sheet paper. The device could be 65 used as a simple electronic accounting machine. At that time the engines 66 could already be built just compact enough for such a device. Anyway, the 67 huge engine (for today's circumstances) had to be placed below the device 68 (on the right hand side in the picture). The sack below the engine is 69 intended for collecting the leakage oil. 36 70 </p> 37 71 </div> 38 72 39 <p>The first printing mechanical calculator (1905) is an unicum with an huge exterior engine! 40 From the first fully automatic machines (1927) until these with balancing memory 41 (1960s), mechanical calculators calculated independently after the input of the numbers. 42 The world's first "pocket calculator machine", Curta I, has 1/3 from the volume of a 43 Coca Cola-pin and is consequently the smallest four-species machine ever built. 44 If you look at the picture of Curta I (shown below), you recognize the enormous importance of the 45 positional notation.</p> 46 47 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 73 <div class="box right clear-after"> 48 74 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/madas1.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Madas Rechenmaschiene" /> 49 <p class="bildtext"> Shown above: MADAS, an electromechanical calculator from 192775 <p class="bildtext"><b>MADAS</b>, an electromechanical calculator from 1927 50 76 made by the calculating machine factury "Egli AG" in Zurich. 51 Since multiplying and dividing needs some time, the inventors installed a small bell (at the upper52 left) that rings after the calculation has finished.</p>77 Since multiplying and dividing needs some time, the inventors installed a small 78 bell (at the upper left) that rings after the calculation has finished.</p> 53 79 </div> 54 80 55 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">81 <div class="box left clear-after"> 56 82 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rheinmetall.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="Rheinmetall Superautomat" /> 57 <p class="bildtext">1932 Rheinmetall extended an adding machine with an "annex", 58 thus they made a 4-species calculating machine. 59 The comfortable usability seems to be the reason why they called it "Superautomat".</p> 83 <p class="bildtext">In 1932, <b>Rheinmetall</b> extended an adding machine with 84 a surface mounting, thus creating a 4-species calculating machine. 85 The comfortable usability seems to be the reason why they called it "Superautomat". 86 Calculating is the only ability of this colossus. 87 </p> 88 </div> 89 90 <div class="box right clear-after"> 91 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/curta.jpg" width="500" height="489" alt="Curta I and Curta II" /> 92 <p class="bildtext"> 93 <b>Curta I and Curta II</b> 94 <br>These outstanding small pocket calculators were produced almost 95 unmodified from 1948 to ca. 1971. This is unbelievable for today's 96 technology products. The Curta could perform all basic arithmetic 97 operations. 98 Packing all the complex mechanics into such a small volume was an enormous 99 challenge. For comparision of the sizes, we put a matchbox from the same 100 era on the picture. 101 <br>The Internet is full of literature about the Curta, e.g. the 102 <a href="http://www.vcalc.net/cu-bckup.htm">story about inventor Curt 103 Herzstark</a>. 104 </p> 60 105 </div> 61 106 62 63 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 107 <div class="box right clear-after"> 64 108 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-vsr18.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="DIEHL VSR-18" /> 65 109 <p class="bildtext"><b>DIEHL VSR-18</b>, one of many mechanical calculators … … 70 114 cache results and to transfer back them anytime you want to. With this feature 71 115 daily calculations like 25 + 12 x 7 - 17 x 6 could be solved without notating 72 anything. However, this luxury still had a drawback: You must not run them wrongly,73 because they were highly sensitive agains any operating error.</p>116 anything. However, this luxury still had a drawback: Maloperation could damage the 117 whole device.</p> 74 118 </div> 75 119 -
en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm
r168 r181 30 30 costed the price of a VW beetle and an holiday trip.</p> 31 31 32 <div class="box center ">32 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 33 33 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita.jpg" width="650" height="487" alt="Antia C/VIII" /> 34 <p class="bildtext"><b>Anita Mark C/VIII</b> (Manufactor: BELL PUNCH Co, England), an historic calculator that revolutionised calculating on desktops. 35 For the first time, you could multiply and divide without mechanics and noise. Technically speaken, the device was actually obsolete in 1962. The calculator works in decimal system, just as every other mechanical sprocket wheel machine. It still took two years until transistorized desk calculators (IME 84) came onto the market. 36 </p> 37 </div> 34 <p class="bildtext"><b>Anita Mark C/VIII</b></p> 35 </div> 36 <p> 37 The ANITA ("<b>A</b> <b>N</b>ew <b>I</b>nspiration <b>T</b>o <b>A</b>rithmetik") was 38 manufactured by BELL PUNCH Co, England. This historic calculator revolutionised 39 computing on desktops. 40 For the first time, you could multiply and divide without mechanics or noise. With a 41 3 kHz clock the device calculated ten times faster than the best contemporary 42 mechanical calculators. Anyway, technically speaken, the device was actually 43 obsolete in 1962. The calculator works in decimal system, just as every other 44 mechanical sprocket wheel machine. It still took two years until a transistorized desk 45 calculator (IME 84) came onto the market. 46 </p> 38 47 39 <div class="box center"> 48 49 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 40 50 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-innen.jpg" width="694" height="520" alt="Photography of Anita's 'inner life'" /> 41 <p class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width: 694px;">51 <p class="bildtext"> 42 52 The "nightly" Anita inner life: The thyratrons flow redly, flashing during calculating. 43 53 </p> … … 45 55 46 56 47 <div class="box center ">57 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 48 58 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-anzeige.jpg" width="396" height="268" alt="Anita's display" /> 49 <p class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width: 396px;">59 <p class="bildtext"> 50 60 This is a part from the numeric display. The gas-filled nixie tubes 51 61 (glow lamp's principe) came onto the marktet just in time. … … 54 64 55 65 56 <div class="box center ">66 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 57 67 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-teile.jpg" width="516" height="250" alt="Multiple parts of Anita" /> 58 <div class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width: 516px;">68 <div class="bildtext"> 59 69 <p> 60 70 The upper circuit board contains a ring counter. The gas-filled thyratrons are very small. This -
en/computer/gamma10.shtm
r155 r181 18 18 <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> 19 19 <div id="content"> 20 <h2> <!--#echo var="title" --></h2>20 <h2>A second generation calculator: The BULL GAMMA 10</h2> 21 21 22 22 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> … … 61 61 The chassis is metallic bright and glossy. It is clearly arranged 62 62 and therefore the machine is quite easy to maintain. 63 <!-- 63 64 <br/>We want to repair this computer, too (see our page 64 65 <a href="/en/search.shtm">We are looking for...</a>). By now the … … 68 69 punch cards, as well as the first mathematical programs. 69 70 That's really sensational for such an old computer. 71 --> 72 <br>By now the whole mechanics are working again, which is the core 73 part of the computer. After adjusting the temperature of the 74 heated core memory and replacing some broken transistors, the 75 program for doubling punch cards runs again, as well as some 76 mathematics programs. 70 77 </p> 71 78 … … 139 146 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anelex-drucker.jpg" 140 147 alt="ANELEX high speed printer" width="485" height="423" /> 141 <p class="bildtext"> 142 <b>ANELEX high speed printer, series 5</b>, 143 with lifted cover. 144 </p> 148 <div class="bildtext"> 149 <p><b>ANELEX high speed printer, series 5</b>, 150 with lifted cover.</p> 151 <p>This printer could be a good auxillary device to the GAMMA 10 152 computer: It is a drum printer, like the original printer, 153 and the cirtcuitry operates also on a negative logic level 154 (germanium transistors). Anelex uses a core memory for the 155 buffer, too. Anyway the printer cannot simply plugged into 156 the computer, because the original BULL printer works with 157 the buffer memory which is placed directly in the CPU of the 158 GAMMA 10. Since we don't want to modify the GAMMA 10 internal 159 architecture, we currently implement a microcontroller driven 160 interface between those two systems. 161 </p> 162 </div> 145 163 </div> 146 164 -
en/computer/ic-technology.shtm
r168 r181 46 46 <h3>WANG 700</h3> 47 47 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 48 <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" name="backlink-wang700"title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>48 <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a> 49 49 <p class="bildtext">Unique system <b>WANG 700</b></p> 50 50 </div> … … 56 56 57 57 58 <h3>WANG 500</h3> 59 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 60 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang500.jpg" alt="WANG 500 with card reader" width="650" height="388"/> 61 <p class="bildtext"><b>WANG 500</b> with card reader</p> 62 </div> 63 <p> 64 WANGs versioning scheme is a bit unusual: The computers were released in this order: 700, 500, 600, 400. 65 <br>The Wang 400 (year of manufacture 1971 is a pared-down version of the 700. 66 The most important scientific functions were programmed directly in the 67 threaded ROM, they did not have to be loaded via cassette any more. In the 68 upper left they embedded a small drum printer (The Olivetti P 101 already 69 featured such a printer in 1966). The cassette drive for recording programs 70 is the same like in the 700. The "marker card" reader (instead of regular punch 71 cards, the fields are only blackend) was perfect for schools and 72 universities. Many users could mark cards manually with a simple pencil and afterwards 73 test them on a single computer. 74 <br>Wang promoted the computer as "The World's Second Most Powerful Calculator" 75 (Wang 700 was the first one). This slogan could only refer to the computing speed, 76 since the HP 9100 was much more universal. The 500 series is very rare, since 77 it was superseded by the Wang 500 shortly after being released. 78 The computer in the picture is new and unused. It has been found in the basement 79 of an old stock from Wang and was passed to the museum, still unused. Therefore 80 it looks great, even being more than 40 years old. 81 </p> 82 58 83 <h3>Diehl Combitronic</h3> 59 84 60 85 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 61 <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" name="backlink-diehl-combitronic"title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img86 <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img 62 87 src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a> 63 88 <p class="bildtext"><b>Diehl Combitronic</b> with paper tape reader and puncher</p> … … 89 114 <ul> 90 115 <li>In the center there is the HP 9100 (see 91 <a href="/en/computer/programmable.shtm ">Programmable116 <a href="/en/computer/programmable.shtm#Hewlett_Packard_HP_9100">Programmable 92 117 second-generation calculators</a> for description)</li> 93 118 <li>Above the successor model HP 9810 (same logic like the HP 9100 -
en/computer/storage-media.shtm
r140 r181 45 45 and most spread memories are the ferromagnetic memories.</p> 46 46 47 <h3 >Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3>47 <h3 id="delay-line-memory">Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3> 48 48 <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;"> 49 49 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a delay line memory" width="435" height="338" /><img -
en/computer/transistors.shtm
r140 r181 24 24 <!-- klingt scheiße: <p class="progress10">Jolt by the calculators featuring all tube technology, now a vehement race of the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began.</p>--> 25 25 26 <p>Due to the accelerated progress of calculators featuring all tube technology, the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began.</p> 26 <p> 27 After the <a href="/en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm">ANITA tube calculator</a>, 28 the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began. Due to the 29 increasing number of users, the development was very lucrative, even facing the 30 enormous costs. 31 <br>Every company that released a device designed completely another architecture. 32 Soon afterwards, many different concepts emerged. The following devices are a 33 selection of very early devices (year of manufacture 1964-1965). 34 </p> 27 35 36 <h3>IME 84: The world's first transistorized desk calculator (1964)</h3> 28 37 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 29 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ime84.jpg" alt="IME 84" width="456" height="288" /> 30 <p class="bildtext"><b>IME 84</b>, the world's first desk calculator using transistors. Among others, it features an appealing design (1964!). Compared to the IME 84, the german device made by Olympia looks ungracefully. 31 <br />This calculator is at least able to exponentiate a number and uses a core memory.</p> 38 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ime84.jpg" alt="IME 84" width="694" height="415" /> 39 <p class="bildtext"> 40 <b>IME 84</b> (<i>Industria Macchine Elettroniche</i>) was the world's first 41 desk calculator using transistors. This was an enormous progress, compared to the ANITA. 42 Using a <a href="/en/computer/storage-media.shtm#Core_memory">core memory</a>, there was 43 much more memory, allowing many more application fields. 44 <br>This calculator is at least able to exponentiate a number, but it cannot yet extract 45 a root. 46 <br>The design of this device is quite appealing. In comparisation, the german device made 47 by Olympia looks ungracefully. 48 </p> 49 </div> 50 <div class="box left clear-after"> 51 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/robox103.jpg" alt="Robox 103" width="214" height="211" /> 52 <p class="bildtext"> 53 The device has a strange interface on the left side to connect the <b>ROBOX 103</b> 54 (see picture on the left). Using this small device, one could enter numbers much faster. 55 Turing the switch to "Addition" enables auto-addding the number just entered after a short 56 timeout. This yields the great disadvantage: If the operator was too slow (or made some 57 short break), only parts are taken over in the memory, without any response. Thus the complete 58 calculation was error-prone. The successor "IME 86" therefore didn't feature an ROBOX 59 interface any more. 60 </p> 61 </div> 62 63 <h3>Canon Canola 130</h3> 64 <div class="box left clear-after"> 65 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/canola-130.jpg" alt="The Canola 130 (above in closed state, below opened, from the back)" width="380" height="575" /> 66 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/canola-display.jpg" alt="Canola 130 display macro photography" width="148" height="138" /> 67 <p class="bildtext"> 68 In 1964, Canon built the first electronical desk calculator of Japan, using germanium transistors 69 and flip flop memories. Optically it looks like a prototype. 70 The whole back of the device consists of very big boards. They are not stucked, but soldered, at the 71 cost of ease of service. This was typical for the year 1964, when companies tried to get their device 72 as fast as possible on the global market. 73 <br>The display is remarkable. Instead of using Nixie tubes, the device features 143 lamps and a lot of 74 light conductors to create digits and the decimal point. The only advantage of this technology over 75 Nixie tubes is the appealing luminescent paint. 76 </p> 77 </div> 78 79 <h3>Olympia RAE 4/30-3 und Wanderer Conti</h3> 80 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 81 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olympia-wanderer.jpg" alt="Olympia RAE 30 (left) and Wanderer Conti (right)" width="694" height="278" /> 82 <p class="bildtext center"><b>Olympia RAE 4/30-3 (left) and Wanderer Conti (right)</b></p> 83 </div> 84 85 <p> 86 The <b>Olympia-Werke AG</b> (Germany) invented the "Elektronischen Vierspezies-Rechenautomat" (electronical 87 calculator for adding, substracting, multiplying and dividing). The distinctive feature was floating point 88 arithmetic, 3 ALUs, 1 storage unit and 3 "memory units" (3 random use registers). 89 The device contains a 384 bit manually threaded core memory, Germanium transistors and Nixie tubes, but no 90 external interface. Therefore users could not store or load programs. Olympia missed this important step, 91 thus the calculator became obsolete soon. The design was also quite outdated - the device turns yellow 92 quickly in the sun. 93 <br>The same device was reselled in the USA by <b>Monroe</b> with the type number 770. 94 </p> 95 <p> 96 The legendary <b>WANDERER-WERKE AG</b> were a typical company specialized on office machines and launched 97 the WANDERER CONTI in 1965. You can read the original prospect of the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.shtm" 98 title="Wanderer Conti original brochure">"first printing electonic universal automate"</a>. This leading role 99 did only last for some weeks, since Olivetty and Diehl continuously followed. 100 </p> 101 102 <p>The first digital transistorised calculator was produced in Italy (IME 84, 1964). In 1965, 103 OLYMPIA built a calculator which was capable of handling floating-point numbers and at the 104 same time, the company WANDERER released the .</p> 105 <!--Gibts ja jetzt mit Bild: FRIDEN from the USA surprised with a calculator that displayed the contents of four registers on one cathod ray tube at the same time. But all these calculators could only compute with the four fundamental arithmetic operations, like many others. At least some of them could already extract a root. A core memory mostly served as storagemedia. The memory shown below is especially illustrative.</p>--> 106 107 <h3>FRIDEN 130 (132)</h3> 108 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 109 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden130.jpg" alt="Friden 130" width="694" height="497" /> 110 <p class="bildtext center"><b>FRIEDEN 130</b></p> 111 </div> 112 <p> 113 The american <b>Friden Calculating Machine Company</b> was already pioneer in desk 114 calculation technology: In the mid-50s they built the first mechanical calculator 115 in series that was able to extract a root. 116 </p> 117 <div class="box left clear-after"> 118 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden-display.jpg" alt="Display des Friden 130" width="274" height="134" /> 119 <p class="bildtext"> 120 In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a 121 CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. 122 The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#Magnetostrictive_memory">magnetostrictive line</a>. 123 <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in 124 a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic 125 operations was sold for about 5000 DM while the larger model, the FRIDEN 132, which included a 126 square root function was priced at 6700 DM. 127 </p> 32 128 </div> 33 129 34 <p>The first digital transistorised calculator was produced in Italy (IME 84, 1964). In 1965, OLYMPIA built a calculator which was capable of handling floating-point numbers and at the same time, the company WANDERER released the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.shtm" title="Wanderer Conti original brochure">"first printing electonic universal automate"</a>.</p> 35 <!--Gibts ja jetzt mit Bild: FRIDEN from the USA surprised with a calculator that displayed the contents of four registers on one cathod ray tube at the same time. But all these calculators could only compute with the four fundamental arithmetic operations, like many others. At least some of them could already extract a root. A core memory mostly served as storagemedia. The memory shown below is especially illustrative.</p>--> 36 37 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 38 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden.130.jpg" alt="Friden 130" width="500" height="305" /> 39 <p class="bildtext"><b>FRIEDEN 130</b></p> 40 </div> 41 42 <p> In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-time-storage">magnetostrictive line</a>. 43 <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic operations was sold for about 5000 DM while the larger model, the FRIDEN 132, which included a square root function was priced at 6700 DM.</p> 44 </p> 45 46 <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p> 47 48 <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p> 49 130 <!-- 131 <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic 132 arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most 133 cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p> 134 <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p> 135 --> 50 136 </div><!-- end of content --> 51 137 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" --> -
en/computer/univac9200.shtm
r168 r181 10 10 --><!--#set var="next" value="univac9400.shtm" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next_title" value="UNIVAC 9400 mainframe computer, data center" 12 --><title> Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" --></title>12 --><title>technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" --></title> 13 13 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> … … 21 21 22 22 <p>The Univac 9200 (Univac 9300) is a punch card computing data center from 1966. It is not 23 common that such old devices are completely preserverd, furthermoreall23 common that such old devices are completely preserverd, even all 24 24 manuals are available. This system was stored over four years in the museum 25 25 archives until we moved it with a freight company just into the museum, next 26 26 to the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400</a>.</p> 27 27 28 <p>The restauration started with cleaning all the devices, removing the typical 28 <p>After moving the devices with a trucking company to the museum buidling, 29 the restauration started with cleaning all the devices, removing the typical 29 30 old rotten noise-absorbing mats at the very first. They have been replaced by 30 31 brand new cellular rubber.</p> … … 64 65 65 66 66 <h3 ><a name="blog">Restoration Blog</a></h3>67 <h3 id="blog">Restoration Blog</h3> 67 68 <p><b>17.01.2010:</b> There were some mice in the power supply and printer, they 68 69 bit thorught some small cables. … … 81 82 selected via switches.</p> 82 83 </div> 83 <p><b> April2010:</b> The boot process of the device is still crashing. There is84 <p><b>15.04.2010:</b> The boot process of the device is still crashing. There is 84 85 an error message from the printer without any reason. We are trying to 85 86 locate this error. 86 <p><b> Beginning of May2010:</b> A broken thyristor (hammer driver) raised the87 <p><b>02.05.2010:</b> A broken thyristor (hammer driver) raised the 87 88 "printer error" message. Data integrity was the most important part at those 88 89 time: If only one of the 140 printer columns is not working correctly, the whole 89 90 printer goes offline to avoid wrong output. 90 <p><b> Middle of May2010:</b> We could get the plated wire storage online. We91 <p><b>10.05.2010:</b> We could get the plated wire storage online. We 91 92 can even start some small test programs via the input switches, but there are 92 93 bugs while running. This is perhaps the unique device that still uses the old 93 94 plated wire storage. Anyway we are planing a replacement. 94 </p> 95 <p><b>12.06.2010:</b> After callibrating the optical card reader, we could read in 96 and execute small programs in the data memory. We will report about the high 97 security level at the card reading process later. Surprisingly the plated wire 98 storage still works.</p> 99 <p><b>16.06.2010:</b> The card puncher doesn't work any more. 30 years inactivity 100 are a long time for computers, too. 101 <br>On the other side, we could execute a printer loop program. The huge printer 102 starts up, but doesn't print yet. After two minutes, a thermal fuse triggers.</p> 103 <p><b>25.06.2010:</b> The fuse is triggerd by a broken centrifugal switch from the 104 printer engine start-up windings. Therefore the winding was always on and 105 dissipated constantly current. Now the engine is running, but print commands 106 are not yet executed. 107 <br>We also could find a bug in the memory. Now all 8kB seem to run completely 108 error-free.</p> 109 <p><b>30.06.2010:</b> We could locate another bug in the printer logic (faulty 110 transistor). The first time after 30 years, the bar printer works and is capable of 111 printing files from various punch cards. The type face looks good. 112 <br>Now we turn towards the damaged printer.</p> 113 <p><b>05.08.2010:</b> After replacing a broken transistor and injecting some oil, 114 the puncher is up and running! Now we are able of duplicating punch cards. 115 Unfortunately we had to disable the error checking functions since the device 116 detected a non-existing error at punching. Locating this error is the next 117 problem.</p> 95 118 119 <i>This blog will be irregulary continued.</i> 96 120 97 121 </div><!-- end of content --> -
en/contact.shtm
r135 r181 46 46 </div> 47 47 48 <h3 >Image use policy and information about reusing technikum29 website contents</h3>48 <h3 id="image-copyright">Image use policy and information about reusing technikum29 website contents</h3> 49 49 <p>Since we recieved a great number of image usage requests, the following information 50 50 may give you an overview how you can resue the contents, especially the pictures, -
en/devices/anita.shtm
r95 r181 27 27 <h2 class="center"><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 28 28 29 <!-- Begin of Forwarding Template (v5.7) --> 30 <!--#set var="forwarding_page" value="/en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm" --> 31 <!--#set var="forwarding_title" value="Desk calculators with electron tubes: The ANITA Mark C/VIII" --> 32 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/extra-forwarding.template.shtm" --> 33 <!-- End of Forwarding Template (v5.7) --> 34 29 35 <div class="box center"> 30 36 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-innen.jpg" width="694" height="520" alt="Photography of Anita's 'inner life'" /> -
en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm
- Property svn:keywords set to Id
r151 r181 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/diehl-combitronic.shtm" 8 8 --><!--#set var="title_de" value="Details der Diehl Combitronic und Diehl Algotronic" 9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm# backlink-diehl-combitronic"9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm#Diehl_Combitronic" 10 10 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Programmable third-generation calculators with early IC-technology" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next" value="" … … 16 16 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 17 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Fotos der Combitron" />19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="29.12.2008" />20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="29.12.2008/16:18" />21 <meta name="t29.comment" content="+ Algotronic translation" />22 18 </head> 23 19 <body> -
en/devices/ncr446.shtm
r121 r181 6 6 --><!--#set var="part" value="extra" 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/ncr446.shtm" 8 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/commercial.shtm# ncr-backlink"8 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#NCR_446" 9 9 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Early commercial computers: NCR 446" 10 10 --><!--#set var="next" value="" … … 24 24 <div id="content"> 25 25 26 <h2 class="center"><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>26 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 27 27 28 28 <div class="box center"> -
en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm
r31 r181 6 6 --><!--#set var="part" value="extra" 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/nixdorf820.shtm" 8 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/commercial.shtm# backlink-nixdorf"8 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#NIXDORF_820" 9 9 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Early commercial computers" 10 10 --><!--#set var="next" value="" … … 22 22 <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> 23 23 <div id="content"> 24 <h2 class="center"><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>24 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 25 25 26 26 <div class="box center"> 27 27 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/nixdorf_820-konsole.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Konsole" width="694" height="520" /> 28 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 694px">29 <!--30 <ul id="nav">31 <li><a href="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#backlink-nixdorf">Early commercial computers</a></li>32 <li><a href="/en/">technikum29 homepage</a></li>33 </ul>-->34 </div>35 28 </div> 36 29 -
en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm
r151 r181 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/lochkartenmischer-funktion.shtm" 8 8 --><!--#set var="title_de" value="Die Funktion des Lochkartenmischers" 9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm# backlink-ibm077"9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm#Collators" 10 10 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Punch card computing: IBM 77" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next" value="" -
en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm
r151 r181 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/lochkartensortierer-funktion.shtm" 8 8 --><!--#set var="title_de" value="Die Funktion der Sortiermaschine" 9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm# backlink-sorter"9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm#Sorters" 10 10 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Punch card computing: IBM 082, IBM 083" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next" value="" -
en/devices/wang320.shtm
r123 r181 5 5 --><!--#set var="location" value="wang320" 6 6 --><!--#set var="part" value="extra" 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/ magnetdrahtspeicher.shtm"8 --><!--#set var="title_de" value=" "9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/programmable.shtm# backlink-wang320"7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/wang320.shtm" 8 --><!--#set var="title_de" value="Wang 320 SE" 9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/programmable.shtm#WANG_320" 10 10 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Programable second-generation calculators" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next" value="" … … 15 15 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="Wang 320" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />18 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="08.2007/v5.7FINAL" />20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="23.08.2007/v5.7.5" />21 <meta name="t29.comment" content="Extraseite neustrukturiert" />22 18 </head> 23 19 <body> 24 20 <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> 25 21 <div id="content"> 26 <h2 class="center"><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>22 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 27 23 28 <div class="center"> 29 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320,keyboard.jpg" alt="Wang 320 SE" width="600" height="596" /> 30 <!-- 31 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 595px;"> 32 <ul id="nav"> 33 <li><a href="/en/computer/programmable.shtm#backlink-wang320">Programable second-generation calculators</a></li> 34 <li><a href="/en/">Homepage of technikum29-Website</a></li> 35 </ul> 36 </div> 37 --> 24 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 25 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320,keyboard.jpg" alt="Wang 320 SE Keyboard and a punch card" width="600" height="596"/> 26 27 <p> 28 For displaying 10x10 digits, 9 decimal places and the leading sign the device 29 needs only 14 data lines. Hence Wang already implemented multiplexing. 30 <br>The punch card contains a program for computing sinus values. It actually 31 simulates keyboard input. The display shows the result for <code>sin(60°)</code>, 32 whereas the last four positions are inaccurate. 33 <br>The picture below shows some details from the inner life with keyboard and 34 nixie tubes, glow lamps (for showing the comma) and transistors for amplifying. 35 The switches in the background are part of the keyboard. 36 </p> 37 38 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang-nixietube.jpg" alt="Wang Nixie tubes" width="595" height="446"/> 38 39 </div> 40 39 41 40 42 </div><!--content--> -
en/devices/wang700.shtm
r31 r181 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="geraete/wang700.shtm" 8 8 --><!--#set var="title_de" value="" 9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm# backlink-wang700"9 --><!--#set var="prev" value="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm#WANG_700" 10 10 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="Programmable third-generation calculators with early IC-technology" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next" value="" … … 23 23 <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> 24 24 <div id="content"> 25 <h2 class="center"><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>25 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 26 26 27 27 <div class="center"> 28 28 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-detail.jpg" alt="Wang 700" width="595" height="446" /> 29 <!--30 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 595px;">31 <ul id="nav">32 <li><a href="/en/computer/ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">Programmable third-generation calculators with early IC-technology</a></li>33 <li><a href="/en/">Homepage of technikum29-Website</a></li>34 </ul>35 </div>-->36 29 </div> 37 30 -
en/miscellaneous.shtm
r153 r181 28 28 29 29 <p> 30 It's quite incredible to see these amazing marvels of technology, 31 concerning jukeboxes. They were typically made only of natural 32 materials like leather, gum, wood, bone glue, felt, metal, paper, 30 It's a great experience see and hear such old jukeboxes, typically made 31 only of natural materials like leather, gum, wood, bone glue, felt, metal, paper, 33 32 ivory and glas. 34 <br/>By assembling these elements on an intelligent way, you can33 <br/>By assembling these elements on an intelligent way, one could 35 34 build a simple mechanical machine which is especially impressive 36 35 for today's people. Here at the technikum29, we will show you how … … 52 51 </div> 53 52 54 <p>The technikum29 also features a movie projector from 1951 (there are53 <p>The technikum29 has a movie projector from 1951 (there are 55 54 more and even older projectors from the 1930s that are stored in the 56 55 archive for lack of space).</p> … … 58 57 Movie projectors have always been very complex devices. At that time, 59 58 the bright picture projection was archived with an arc light which was 60 generated between two carbon pencils. The waste heat was piped via a59 generated between two carbon pencils. The waste heat was deflected via a 61 60 chimney pipe! <!-- stupid mode... --> 62 Since the pencils got shorter and shorter while the movie went on, they 63 had to be moved continously closer together for producing a constant 64 luminosity. Otherwise the light goes out. 65 <br/>We will repair this device to show you an original 66 newsreel from the 1960s. 61 Since the pencils got shorter and shorter while the movie went on, they 62 had to be moved continously closer together for producing a constant 63 luminosity. Otherwise the light goes out. 64 <br/>We will repair this device to show an original newsreel from the 1960s. 67 65 </p> 68 66 -
en/news.shtm
r165 r181 30 30 <ul class="news-feed"> 31 31 <li><h3>June 2010</h3> 32 We are writing an ongoing <a href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm#blog">Blog about the UNIVAC 9300 reparation</a>. The english translation won't be always up to date, so take a look at the original <a href="/de/rechnertechnik/univac9200.shtm#blog">german <i>Reparatur-Blog</i></a> if you really want to get the latest news.32 We are writing an ongoing <a href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm#blog">Blog about the UNIVAC 9300 reparation</a>. 33 33 </li> 34 34 -
en/search.shtm
r173 r181 17 17 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="technikum29 what we are seeking/looking for..." /> 18 18 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 19 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="19.07.2009" />20 <meta name="t29.comment" content="+Analex High Speed Printer -Type wheel" />21 19 </head> 22 20 <body> … … 25 23 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 26 24 25 <div class="box left clear-after"> 26 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/digicorder.jpg" alt="IME Digicorder" width="299" height="374" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 27 <p class="bildtext"> 28 We are looking for an <b>Digicorder DG 408</b> or <b>DG 308</b> for the 29 IME 86 <a href="/en/computer/transistors.shtm">desk calculator</a>. 30 <br>Exchange objects are available on demand. 31 </p> 32 </div> 33 34 <div class="box left clear-after"> 35 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/plattenstapel.jpg" alt="disk pack" width="237" height="189" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 36 <p class="bildtext"> 37 We currently have problems with the adjustment of the disc head 38 from our UNIVAC 8425. There was special <b>UNIVAC callibration disc</b> (looking 39 like the disc in the picture on the left) for the adjustment. It's 40 actually impossible to adjust the heads without that disc. 41 </p> 42 </div> 27 43 28 <div class="box left"> 29 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anelex.jpg" alt="Anelex High Speed Printer" width="299" height="271" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 30 <div class="bildtext"> 31 <h3>Anelex High Speed Printer manuals</h3> 32 <p>We are looking for technical documentation for this <b>Anelex High Speed Printer 33 Series 5</b>. The (drum) printer was attached to 34 an Electrologica EL X8 (year of manufacture 1965) or DEC PDP6 (Line Printer Type 646) or Hitachi H-8245 and H-8246. Perhaps it's mentioned in 35 the manuals of that computer.</p> 36 <p>Any hints would be appreciated!</p> 37 </div> 38 <div class="clear"></div> 39 </div> 40 41 <div class="box left"> 42 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gamma-10-drucker.jpg" alt="Printer from the BULL GAMMA 10 EDP" width="237" height="256" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 43 <div class="bildtext"> 44 <h3>BULL GAMMA 10 Printer</h3> 45 <p>This is the printer from our <a href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm#bull10">BULL GAMMA 10</a>, but 46 unfortunately it is incomplete: The small case with the auxillary electronics is missing. Therefore we are looking for a complete printer or a part from another GAMMA 10 setup.</p> 47 </div> 48 <div class="clear"></div> 49 </div> 50 51 <div class="box left"> 52 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/plattenstapel.jpg" alt="disk pack" width="237" height="189" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 53 <div class="bildtext"> 54 <h3>UNIVAC callibration disc</h3> 55 <p>We currently have problems with the adjustment of the disc head 56 from our UNIVAC 8425. There was special "callibration disc" (looking 57 like the disc in the picture on the left) for the adjustment. It's 58 actually impossible to adjust the heads without that disc. Therefore 59 we're looking urgently for such a disc, on a loan basis, too. 60 </p> 61 </div> 62 <div class="clear"></div> 63 </div> 44 <p>We are also looking for germanium transistors that are required for reperation of old computers.</p> 64 45 65 46 <h3>Devices and Manuals</h3> 66 67 47 <p>We are always looking for:</p> 68 48 <ul> 69 <li> A manual for the <a href="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#ncr-backlink">NCR 446</a> (or at least a copy)</li>49 <li><b>Tektronix Oscilloscope 555 (Dual Beam)</b></li> 70 50 <li>Any kind of tube calculators</li> 71 51 <li>Very old plotter</li> 72 52 <li>Any kind of telegraph technology</li> 53 <li>A manual for the <a href="/en/computer/commercial.shtm#ncr-backlink">NCR 446</a> (or at least a copy)</li> 73 54 <li>All manuals for the <a href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm#bull3">BULL GAMMA 3</a> and <a href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm#bull10">GAMMA 10</a></li> 74 55 <li>... and everything that is suitable for our collection</li>
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