Changeset 299 in t29-www for en/computer


Ignore:
Timestamp:
Sep 19, 2012, 11:38:55 AM (12 years ago)
Author:
heribert
Message:

Zahlreiche Bugfixes, vor allem an der englischen Seite und im Deutschen. Letzte Änderungen, bevor Homepage offiziell ihren Dienst antritt.

Location:
en/computer
Files:
13 edited

Legend:

Unmodified
Added
Removed
  • en/computer/commercial.php

    r287 r299  
    2020    <h3>NCR 446</h3>   
    2121    <div class="box center">
    22         <a href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm" name="ncr-backlink"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ncr-446.jpg" alt="Photography of the NCR 446" width="694" height="520" /></a>
     22        <a href="/en/devices/ncr446.php" name="ncr-backlink"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ncr-446.jpg" alt="Photography of the NCR 446" width="694" height="520" /></a>
    2323        </div>
    2424       
    2525    <p>Apart from desktop calculators other small computer systems were introduced to solve commercial problems. The <b>NCR 446</b> on display is a so-called accounting machine and consists of a paper tape reader and punch, a keyboard and an IBM Selectric typewriter as printer. It was built 1968 in Germany. Due to its core memory and woven ROM the machine is freely programmable and thus very versatile.
    26        <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm">more detailed picture</a></p>
     26       <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.php">more detailed picture</a></p>
    2727        <!-- das war B.Ulmann. Meine Übersetzung (alt):
    2828        <img src="/shared/photos/start/ncr_rechner.jpg" alt="NCR-Rechner" style="margin-right: 25px" />
     
    3737    <h3>NIXDORF 820</h3>
    3838        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    39         <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a>
     39        <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.php" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a>
    4040                <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf 820</b> with card puncher and printer</p>
    4141        </div>
    4242       
    43         <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#Threaded_ROM">threaded ROM</a> which was user modifiable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
     43        <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.php#Threaded_ROM">threaded ROM</a> which was user modifiable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.php">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
  • en/computer/early-computers.php

    r292 r299  
    7575    <p>Today's kids think of the latest mobile devices when talking about "mini computers".
    7676           In contrast, in the 1960s and the early 70s, a computer was always huge (like our
    77            <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini".
     77           <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini".
    7878           Early computers are well worth seeing due to their enormous size and the nice
    7979           transparent auxillary devices.
     
    9797       
    9898        <p>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec"
    99         href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.</p>
    100 
    101     <!--alter Text: The legendary Classic PDP 8 from the company DEC (year of manufacture 1965) can be admired among others. Furthermore you can see the PDP 8L or <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp_8I.shtm">PDP 8I</a> (year of manufacture 1967, a lot of periphery) and the laboratory computer <a class="go" href="/en/devices/lab_8e.shtm">LAB8e</a> (1971).
     99        href="/en/devices/dec-history.php">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.</p>
     100
     101    <!--alter Text: The legendary Classic PDP 8 from the company DEC (year of manufacture 1965) can be admired among others. Furthermore you can see the PDP 8L or <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp_8I.php">PDP 8I</a> (year of manufacture 1967, a lot of periphery) and the laboratory computer <a class="go" href="/en/devices/lab_8e.php">LAB8e</a> (1971).
    102102    Because of constantly growing claims for storage capacity, backing storage (19-zoll drawers for 4kB with a weight of 20kg) was offered. The PDP 8I could not administrate more than 32kB.
    103103    <br />THe PDP 8L, a trimmed-down version of the PDP 8I, cannot hold more than 8 kB.</p> -->
     
    150150         strong men can lift the computer. It is better to have four people to carry it!.
    151151         Without ICs or their ancestors the device is counted among the seccond-generation calculators.
    152          <br/>You can also get a view from the "Flip-Chip"-card from the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp-8-left-flank.shtm">left flank</a>
     152         <br/>You can also get a view from the "Flip-Chip"-card from the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp-8-left-flank.php">left flank</a>
    153153         (<u>flank</u>). The core memory is set above (storage capacity 4kB).-->
    154154   
     
    441441 
    442442    <h3>WANG 2200 with bulky peripheral hardware</h3>
    443     <p>Next, the first system that looks like today's computer is presented: <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang2200.shtm">WANG 2200</a>, year of manufacture 1973. This computer, with so many peripheral devices, is probably unique in Germany. The peripherals: paper tape reader, punch card reader,  triple 8-inch disc drive, hard disc system with 38cm diameter disks (the device weights 100kg and cost 24000 DM, but only holdy 5MB), special BASIC-language keyboard, etc.</p>
     443    <p>Next, the first system that looks like today's computer is presented: <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang2200.php">WANG 2200</a>, year of manufacture 1973. This computer, with so many peripheral devices, is probably unique in Germany. The peripherals: paper tape reader, punch card reader,  triple 8-inch disc drive, hard disc system with 38cm diameter disks (the device weights 100kg and cost 24000 DM, but only holdy 5MB), special BASIC-language keyboard, etc.</p>
    444444    <p>WANG quickly recognized that the future of computers needed screens. However the concurrent HP
    445445    computers had only a single-line LED display until 1975.</p>
    446446
    447447    <div class="box center">
    448        <a href="/en/devices/wang2200.shtm" name="backlink-wang2200"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang2200.jpg" width="592" height="402" alt="Wang 2200" /></a>
     448       <a href="/en/devices/wang2200.php" name="backlink-wang2200"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang2200.jpg" width="592" height="402" alt="Wang 2200" /></a>
    449449    </div>
    450450
    451451    <p>The first personal computer was also build by WANG: the PCS II (1975). The first PC that was affordable for everybody was the PET 2001 from Commodore. It came on the market in 1977 and was as cheap as today's PCs, but had 8kB and had decent applications. Many more home computers followed, the market got out of hand and therewith this collection of computers ends.</p>
    452452     
    453      <p>See further details at <a class="go" href="/en/details2.shtm" title="Details 2">the tabular overview of
     453     <p>See further details at <a class="go" href="/en/details2.php" title="Details 2">the tabular overview of
    454454     mid range data processing equipment and proffessional early computers</a>.</p>
    455455
  • en/computer/electro-mechanical.php

    r287 r299  
    1717        <blockquote>for the buisenessman, industrial, craftsman, engineer, student and even the housewife</blockquote>
    1818                <p>
    19                 like the <a href="/en/devices/efzet.shtm" class="en">instruction sheet</a> (german only) tells.
     19                like the <a href="/en/devices/efzet.php" class="en">instruction sheet</a> (german only) tells.
    2020                        This device does not seem to be very useful.
    2121                </p>
     
    101101                whole device.</p>
    102102    </div>
    103 
    104     <div id="sidebar-footnote">
    105         <a href="/en/devices/sprocket-wheel-machine.shtm">Big photography &uarr; of the sprocket wheel machine</a>
    106     </div>
  • en/computer/gamma10.php

    r291 r299  
    1818        which was intended for commercial purpose and puchcard
    1919        computing. It was the direct successor of the <a
    20         href="tabulating-machine.shtm">Tabulating Machine</a>.
     20        href="tabulating-machine.php">Tabulating Machine</a>.
    2121        Compared to the really big mainframes, the G10 was intended to
    2222        be set up in a 20 square meter room, without air conditioning.
     
    3333        therefore the punching unit is generously built. The
    3434        printer can only print up to 300 lines per minute. Compared
    35         to our <a href="univac9400.shtm">Univac 9400</a> this
     35        to our <a href="univac9400.php">Univac 9400</a> this
    3636        is quite slow &ndash; the Univac 9400 is capable of
    3737        printing more than 1000 lines per minute.
     
    5151                  <!--
    5252          <br/>We want to repair this computer, too (see our page
    53           <a href="/en/search.shtm">We are looking for...</a>). By now the
     53          <a href="/en/search.php">We are looking for...</a>). By now the
    5454          complete mechanics works again. After tuning the temperature
    5555          of the heated core memory and switching some defect
     
    128128        Connecting this device to the BULL computer is supposed to be a
    129129        quite complex problem. We will report about the progress on the
    130         page <a href="../development-projects.shtm">Development Projects</a>,
     130        page <a href="../development-projects.php">Development Projects</a>,
    131131        soon.</p>
    132132
  • en/computer/gamma3.php

    r287 r299  
    1717        "electron mastermind".
    1818        <br/>The device could be connected to several punchcard devices, for
    19         example the <a href="tabulating-machine.shtm">Tabulating Machine BS</a>,
     19        example the <a href="tabulating-machine.php">Tabulating Machine BS</a>,
    2020        to the card copier PRD or to the ULP puncher.
    2121      </p>
     
    2828      <p>
    2929        Our GAMMA 3 installation is fully equipped and features seven
    30         <a href="storage-media.shtm">delay line memory units</a> with a capacity
     30        <a href="storage-media.php">delay line memory units</a> with a capacity
    3131        of 12 decimal digits each. To extend the built-in memory, there
    3232        were special so-called "storage cabinets"
  • en/computer/ic-technology.php

    r287 r299  
    1919      In 1971 the first scientifically programmable "pocket calculators" with the size of
    2020      a matchbox came on the market, too.
    21       See also: <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">Tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
     21      See also: <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">Tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
    2222
    2323      <!-- altes Photo, alter TExt: <div class="box center">
     
    3434          <h3>WANG 700</h3>
    3535      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    36           <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>
     36          <a href="/en/devices/wang700.php" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>
    3737          <p class="bildtext">Unique system <b>WANG 700</b></p>
    3838          </div>
     
    4141      <p>On the left the calculator itself can be seen &ndash; it features a two line display made from so called NIXIE-tubes, has 2 kB core memory and a built in cassette drive for mass storage. For years this machine was the fastest desktop calculator in the world.</p>
    4242      <p>In the middle the optical reader can be seen (which, in fact, obscures the manual punch card reader which can not be seen in this picture). On the right is a modified IBM selectric typewriter which can not only be used to print out text, but to create plots of functions as well. Below the calculator an alphanumeric keyboard can be found; on the bottom an additional dual cassette tape drive is located. Programming of this machine was quite cumbersome - a simple plotterprogram took 794 program steps to perform a task which could be done on a later HP desktop calculator like the HP 9830 in only 36 steps using HP-BASIC as its programming language.</p>
    43       <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a>
     43      <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.php">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a>
    4444
    4545         
     
    7272       
    7373    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    74         <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img
     74        <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.php" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img
    7575              src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a>
    7676                <p class="bildtext"><b>Diehl Combitronic</b> with paper tape reader and puncher</p>
     
    8383        technology. The transistor logic was implemented by simply taking four LSI ICs together. Therefore the
    8484        computer is logically (almost) identical to the almost obsolte Combitron, but the case is much smaller and the whole
    85         computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a class="go" href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm">detailed pictures from the
     85        computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a class="go" href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.php">detailed pictures from the
    8686        Diehl Combitronic</a>). In the picture above you see the compatible paper tape puncher ELS 850 and the reader
    8787        "Dilector" on the left.
     
    102102            <ul>
    103103              <li>In the center there is the HP 9100 (see
    104                   <a href="/en/computer/programmable.shtm#Hewlett_Packard_HP_9100">Programmable
     104                  <a href="/en/computer/programmable.php#Hewlett_Packard_HP_9100">Programmable
    105105                  second-generation calculators</a> for description)</li>
    106106              <li>Above the successor model HP 9810 (same logic like the HP 9100
  • en/computer/programmable.php

    r287 r299  
    2424                sold in Germany. On the right you can see the DIEHL
    2525        Dilector (paper tape reader) and to the left is the DIEHL ELS 830 (paper tape puncher). The system is fully operational.
    26         The <a href="storage-media.shtm#delay-line-memory" class="go">delay line memory</a> serves as storage media
     26        The <a href="storage-media.php#run-time-memory" class="go">delay line memory</a> serves as storage media
    2727        (capacity ca. 1000 bits).</p>
    2828    </p>
     
    3838    <div class="box left clear-after">
    3939       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_programma101.jpg" alt="Programma 101" width="379" height="301" />
    40        <p class="bildtext">The legendary <b>PROGRAMMA 101</b> by Olivetti. In the middle you see the magnetic program card. <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-line-memory">Delay line memory</a> was used as storage media.</p>
     40       <p class="bildtext">The legendary <b>PROGRAMMA 101</b> by Olivetti. In the middle you see the magnetic program card. <a class="go" href="storage-media.php#run-time-memory">Delay line memory</a> was used as storage media.</p>
    4141    </div>
    4242
     
    4545
    4646    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    47         <a href="/en/devices/wang320.shtm" name="backlink-wang320"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320.jpg" alt="WANG 320 SE" width="690" height="287" /></a>
     47        <a href="/en/devices/wang320.php" name="backlink-wang320"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320.jpg" alt="WANG 320 SE" width="690" height="287" /></a>
    4848                <p class="bildtext"><b>WANG 320 SE</b></p>
    4949        </div>
    5050
    5151        <p>     In 1966/1967 the WANG 320 SE was a flagship calculator. Two of its features were truly sensational for its time: It could calculate logarithms and anti-logarithms quickly (in fact this took less time than the calcultion of a square root) and up to four keyboards could be connected to a single calculator unit; thus the machine was in fact a time sharing system. Further more the system could be programmed using punched cards &ndash; running programs were suspended for a short period of time to allow interactive users access to the machine. The 80 column punched cards could be prepared manually  using a stencil. These features made the calculator a perfect match for schools and universities. While the slide rule was in use in most of these places, this machine allowed them to enter the field of computer science. <br/>
    52             Clicking on the picture will show a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang320.shtm">larger and more detailed version</a>.
     52            Clicking on the picture will show a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang320.php">larger and more detailed version</a>.
    5353    </p>
    5454
     
    6161       
    6262        <p>In 1968 the first desktop calculator made by HP hit the market and was a truly outstanding machine. All of its internal logic is implemented using discrete transistor logic without a single integrated circuit. The machine supports a wealth of mathematical and scientific functions and employs a magnetic core memory, so even after a power off the contents of memory (data and programs) are preserved. Magnetic cards serve as external storage media. The printer shown on top of the HP 9100 is an optional device. The heart of the display is a CRT on which the contents of three internal registers are displayed. The character generation is controlled by a wired ROM. This technological marvel indeed had its price &ndash; with a price of 23 000&nbsp;DM for the basic version it was not affordable for individuals.
    63        <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100.
     63       <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.php#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100.
    6464    </p>
    6565
     
    6969    </div>
    7070
    71     <p>Read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">tabular overview of desk calculators</a></p>
     71    <p>Read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">tabular overview of desk calculators</a></p>
    7272
    7373    <!-- ehemaliger Text, jetzt oben mit Bildern eingebaut und mit ordentlicher B.Ulmann-Übersetzung:
     
    8080    It commanded many mathematical functions, costed 23.000,- DM (ca. 12000,- Euro) and contained
    8181    some forerunners of integrated circuits.
    82     <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">See also Details 1</a></p>
     82    <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">See also Details 1</a></p>
    8383    -->
  • en/computer/punchcard.php

    r291 r299  
    6161        <p>
    6262           The Univac 1710 VIP was released at
    63            the same time like the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a>
     63           the same time like the <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a>
    6464           in the year 1969. This device is very fast and versatile and works mostly
    6565           electronically. Most likely, Univac wanted to trump IBM with this
     
    8787
    8888    <div class="box center">
    89         <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm" name="backlink-sorter"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter" width="361" height="287" /><img style="margin-left: 2px;" src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.offen.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter (without cover)" width="215" height="287" /></a>
     89        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php" name="backlink-sorter"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter" width="361" height="287" /><img style="margin-left: 2px;" src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.offen.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter (without cover)" width="215" height="287" /></a>
    9090        <p class="center">
    9191            <b>IBM 082 punch card sorter</b>, Built since 1949
    92             <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a>
     92            <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php">The function of the punch card sorter</a>
    9393         </p>
    9494    </div>
    9595
    9696    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    97         <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="602" height="630" /></a>
     97        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="602" height="630" /></a>
    9898        <p class="bildtext">
    9999            <b>IBM 083 sorter</b>
     
    101101            per minute. Much more than 16 cards per second are not possible, due to the mechanic's inertia. This
    102102            type was built since 1958.
    103             <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a>
     103            <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php">The function of the punch card sorter</a>
    104104        </p>
    105105    </div>
     
    109109
    110110    <div class="box left clear-after">
    111         <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a>
     111        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.php" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a>
    112112        <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM punch card collator 077</b></p>
    113113                <p>
     
    123123             maintenance as often as a checking device.
    124124             <br />The programs could be changed by replacing the programing field.
    125              <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm">The function of the punch card collator</a>
     125             <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.php">The function of the punch card collator</a>
    126126                </p>
    127127        </div>
    128128
    129129    <div class="box left clear-after">
    130          <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a>
     130         <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a>
    131131         <p class="bildtext"><b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b></p>
    132132                <p>
  • en/computer/storage-media.php

    r287 r299  
    5252    </p>
    5353 
    54     <h3><a name="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</a></h3>
     54    <h3 id="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</h3>
    5555    <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="max-width: 860px;">
    5656        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" />
     
    6363    <p>This type of memory is volatile and has a rather long access time &ndash; on the other hand, its capacity depends mainly on the length of the wire and the basic clock of the surrounding circuitry so it may easily expanded. In addition to this it is relatively inexpensive and rugged making it suitable for applications like desktop calculators and the like.</p>
    6464
    65         <h3><a name="core-memory">Core memory</a></h3>
     65        <h3 id="core-memory">Core memory</h3>
    6666    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    6767        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/triumph-kernspeicher.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="520" />
     
    8686        <p class="bildtext">
    8787            Another core memory made in 1969 is shown here. It is used
    88                         in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.shtm">high
    89                         speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>
     88                        in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.php">high
     89                        speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC mainframe</a>
    9090                        and stores a single line of text to be printed (132 characters). The
    9191                        individual cores can still be seen by the naked eye.
     
    106106
    107107
    108    <h3><a name="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</a></h3>
     108   <h3 id="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</h3>
    109109   <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    110         <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a>
     110        <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a>
    111111                <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf threaded ROM</b></p>
    112112   </div>
     
    115115       <br/>The device shown is from a NIXDORF-WANDERER Logatronic system (made in 1966 approximately) which is a predecessor of the well known NIXDORF 820 system (see below). This ROM can store 2048 words of 18 bits each. The implementation is a true masterpiece of its time.</p>
    116116           
    117     <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p>
     117    <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.php">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p>
    118118 
    119119
    120    <h3><a name="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</a></h3>
     120   <h3 id="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</h3>
    121121   <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    122        <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="692" height="379" /></a>
     122       <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="692" height="379" /></a>
    123123       <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf magnetic stick memory</b></p>
    124124   </div>
    125125   
    126126   <p>NIXDORF decided to implement a read only memory which could be easily modified by customers and did not require a service technician to modify its contents.The whole operating system of the NIXDORF 820 was stored in ROMs like this (all in all 3 modules &ndash; type 177 &ndash; were necessary for this). Even empty ROMs were manufactured which were sold to customers who liked to modify their 820 system. Each of these modules could hold 4096 word of 18 bits each. One of these ROMs weighs 2.4 kg.</p>
    127    <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm">more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
     127   <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.php">more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
    128128   
    129129
    130    <h3><a name="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</a></h3>
     130   <h3 id="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</h3>
    131131   <div class="box left clear-after">
    132        <!--<a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/grafiken/magnetdrahtspeicher-uebersicht.en.gif" alt="Simplified diagram showing the plated wire storage" width="400" height="254" /></a>-->
    133        <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/magnetdrahtspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a plated wire storage, zoomed greatly" width="340" height="303" /></a>
     132       <!--<a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/grafiken/magnetdrahtspeicher-uebersicht.en.gif" alt="Simplified diagram showing the plated wire storage" width="400" height="254" /></a>-->
     133       <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/magnetdrahtspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a plated wire storage, zoomed greatly" width="340" height="303" /></a>
    134134
    135135           <div class="bildtext">
    136136       <!-- new text and image since 17.08.08 -->
    137137       <p>The plated wire storage was intended for replacing the core memory.  Our
    138           <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/univac_9300.shtm">UNIVAC 9300</a> is equipped
     138          <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/univac_9300.php">UNIVAC 9300</a> is equipped
    139139          with this type of memory that was initially announced by UNIVAC for the new
    140140          UNIVAC 9000 series as a "technical revolution" in their magazine "The punch card"
     
    149149          ingenious ideas. Unfortunately, nowadays it is very error-prone.</p>
    150150       <p>Clicking on the photography will yield further informations about the
    151           <a class="go" href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm">design of the plated
     151          <a class="go" href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php">design of the plated
    152152          wire storage</a>.</p>
    153153       </div><!--bildtext-->
    154154   </div><!--box plated wire storage -->
    155155
    156    <h3><a name="lochband">Two channel punched tape</a></h3>
     156   <h3 id="lochband">Two channel punched tape</h3>
    157157   <div class="box left clear-after">
    158158       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/lochband-combitron.jpg" alt="A two channel punched tape from the DIEHL combitron calculator" width="424" height="322" />
    159159       <p class="bildtext">
    160            As already described before (section <a class="go" href="programmable.shtm">programmable 2nd generation desktop calculators</a>), the DIEHL Combitron calculator used a time delay memory (like the magnetostrictive memory described elsewhere). Since this type of memory is volatile, DIEHL needed a non-volatile memory for the overall control of the machine. This had been implemented using a two channel punched tape. The first channel serves as a clock channel while the second channel contains the actual control data.
     160           As already described before (section <a class="go" href="programmable.php">programmable 2nd generation desktop calculators</a>), the DIEHL Combitron calculator used a time delay memory (like the magnetostrictive memory described elsewhere). Since this type of memory is volatile, DIEHL needed a non-volatile memory for the overall control of the machine. This had been implemented using a two channel punched tape. The first channel serves as a clock channel while the second channel contains the actual control data.
    161161           <br/>During the startup of the calculator, the contents of this punched tape were copied to the time delay memory which then took over control of the machine.
    162162        </p>
    163163   </div>
    164164
    165 
    166 </div><!-- end of content -->
    167 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" -->
    168 </body>
    169 </html>
  • en/computer/tabulating-machine.php

    r287 r299  
    6060                right contains a simple program for multiplying. Multiplying and dividing
    6161                mechanically needs lots of time. To shorten this amount of time, the
    62                 <a href="gamma3.shtm">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA&nbsp;3</a>
     62                <a href="gamma3.php">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA&nbsp;3</a>
    6363                could be attached. That auxiliary tube calculator was only used for this
    6464                purpose.
  • en/computer/transistors.php

    r287 r299  
    1111
    1212    <p>
    13            After the <a href="/en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm">ANITA tube calculator</a>,
     13           After the <a href="/en/computer/electron-tubes.php">ANITA tube calculator</a>,
    1414           the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began. Due to the
    1515           increasing number of users, the development was very lucrative, even considering the
     
    2626                   <b>IME 84</b> (<i>Industria Macchine Elettroniche</i>) was the world's first
    2727                   desk calculator using transistors. This represented enormous progress, compared to the ANITA.
    28            Using <a href="/en/computer/storage-media.shtm#Core_memory">core memory</a>, there was
     28           Using <a href="/en/computer/storage-media.php#Core_memory">core memory</a>, there was
    2929                   much more memory, allowing many more application fields.
    3030           <br>This calculator is at least able to exponentiate a number, but it cannot yet extract
     
    8181        <p>
    8282            The legendary <b>WANDERER-WERKE AG</b> were a typical company specialized on office machines and launched
    83                 the WANDERER CONTI in 1965. You can read the original prospectus <!--sic--> of the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.shtm"
     83                the WANDERER CONTI in 1965. You can read the original prospectus <!--sic--> of the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.php"
    8484                title="Wanderer Conti original brochure">"first printing electonic universal automaton"</a>. This leading role
    8585                did only lasted for a few weeks, since Olivetti and Diehl followed close behind.
     
    108108                    The <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced in 1964. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a
    109109                    CRT display, using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine.
    110                 The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#Magnetostrictive_memory">magnetostrictive line</a>.
     110                The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.php#Magnetostrictive_memory">magnetostrictive line</a>.
    111111            <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in
    112112                    a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic
     
    119119    <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic
    120120        arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most
    121         cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p>
    122         <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
     121        cases a small <a href="storage-media.php#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p>
     122        <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
    123123        -->
  • en/computer/univac9200.php

    r287 r299  
    1212           manuals are available. This system was stored for over four years in the museum
    1313           archives until we moved it with a freight company into the museum, next
    14            to the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400</a>.</p>
     14           to the <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC 9400</a>.</p>
    1515           
    1616        <p>After moving the devices with a trucking company to the museum building,
     
    5454<p>Often it is sheer luck that helps saving unique artifacts from scrap. In this
    5555case a curious student at the Goethe University discovered strange objects in a
    56 building and informed us. It turned out that these devices were a <a href="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm#u1710">UNIVAC 1710</a>
     56building and informed us. It turned out that these devices were a <a href="/en/computer/punchcard.php#u1710">UNIVAC 1710</a>
    5757
    5858card puncher and a cabinet full of punched cards containings programs for our
     
    8181           running again. Now we can use punch card devices from the CPU. Actually
    8282           we cannot read nor punch data.
    83         <br>Now there is another malfunctioning device: The <a href="storage-media.shtm#plated-wire-storage">
     83        <br>Now there is another malfunctioning device: The <a href="storage-media.php#plated-wire-storage">
    8484           plated wire storage</a> does not work. We are trying to get it working at least partially,
    8585           replacing it with a new self-made solid state memory. As you can read on our
    86            <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm">detailed description of the
     86           <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php">detailed description of the
    8787           plated wire storage</a>, this type of memory has always been very error-prone.
    8888        <div class="desc-right">
  • en/computer/univac9400.php

    r295 r299  
    4949
    5050      <ul>
    51           <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/frontpanel.php" title="see a detailed picture from the processor's frontpanel">main processor cabinet</a></li>
    52           <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/console+uniservo.php" title="read more about hte console and uniservo">system's console</a></li>
     51          <li>the main processor cabinet</li>
     52          <li>the system's console</li>
    5353          <li>the Tape Control Unit</li>
    5454          <li>UNISERVO 12</li><!--<li>a tape controller with two associated tape drives,</li>-->
    5555          <li>UNISERVO 16</li>
    5656          <li>UNISERVO 12</li>
    57           <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/discdrives.php" title="a big picture from the disc controller and disc drives">Disk Control Unit</a></li> <!-- disc controller-->
     57          <li>the Disk Control Unit</li> <!-- disc controller-->
    5858          <!--<li>two storage cabinets holding 128 kB each,</li>-->
    59           <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.php">high speed printer</a> of type 768</li>
    60           <li><a href="/en/devices/univac9400/discdrives.php">two disk drives</a> of type 8425</li>
    61           <li>a <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/cardreader.php" title="further reading and viewing about the punchcard reader">punch card reader</a></li>
     59          <li>the high speed printer of type 768</li>
     60          <li>three disk drives of type 8425</li>
     61          <li>a punch card reader</li>
    6262      </ul>
    6363
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