Changeset 299 in t29-www for en/computer
- Timestamp:
- Sep 19, 2012, 11:38:55 AM (12 years ago)
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- en/computer
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en/computer/commercial.php
r287 r299 20 20 <h3>NCR 446</h3> 21 21 <div class="box center"> 22 <a href="/en/devices/ncr446. shtm" name="ncr-backlink"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ncr-446.jpg" alt="Photography of the NCR 446" width="694" height="520" /></a>22 <a href="/en/devices/ncr446.php" name="ncr-backlink"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ncr-446.jpg" alt="Photography of the NCR 446" width="694" height="520" /></a> 23 23 </div> 24 24 25 25 <p>Apart from desktop calculators other small computer systems were introduced to solve commercial problems. The <b>NCR 446</b> on display is a so-called accounting machine and consists of a paper tape reader and punch, a keyboard and an IBM Selectric typewriter as printer. It was built 1968 in Germany. Due to its core memory and woven ROM the machine is freely programmable and thus very versatile. 26 <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446. shtm">more detailed picture</a></p>26 <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.php">more detailed picture</a></p> 27 27 <!-- das war B.Ulmann. Meine Übersetzung (alt): 28 28 <img src="/shared/photos/start/ncr_rechner.jpg" alt="NCR-Rechner" style="margin-right: 25px" /> … … 37 37 <h3>NIXDORF 820</h3> 38 38 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 39 <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820. shtm" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a>39 <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.php" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a> 40 40 <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf 820</b> with card puncher and printer</p> 41 41 </div> 42 42 43 <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media. shtm#Threaded_ROM">threaded ROM</a> which was user modifiable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>43 <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.php#Threaded_ROM">threaded ROM</a> which was user modifiable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.php">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p> -
en/computer/early-computers.php
r292 r299 75 75 <p>Today's kids think of the latest mobile devices when talking about "mini computers". 76 76 In contrast, in the 1960s and the early 70s, a computer was always huge (like our 77 <a href="univac9400. shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini".77 <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini". 78 78 Early computers are well worth seeing due to their enormous size and the nice 79 79 transparent auxillary devices. … … 97 97 98 98 <p>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" 99 href="/en/devices/dec-history. shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.</p>100 101 <!--alter Text: The legendary Classic PDP 8 from the company DEC (year of manufacture 1965) can be admired among others. Furthermore you can see the PDP 8L or <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp_8I. shtm">PDP 8I</a> (year of manufacture 1967, a lot of periphery) and the laboratory computer <a class="go" href="/en/devices/lab_8e.shtm">LAB8e</a> (1971).99 href="/en/devices/dec-history.php">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.</p> 100 101 <!--alter Text: The legendary Classic PDP 8 from the company DEC (year of manufacture 1965) can be admired among others. Furthermore you can see the PDP 8L or <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp_8I.php">PDP 8I</a> (year of manufacture 1967, a lot of periphery) and the laboratory computer <a class="go" href="/en/devices/lab_8e.php">LAB8e</a> (1971). 102 102 Because of constantly growing claims for storage capacity, backing storage (19-zoll drawers for 4kB with a weight of 20kg) was offered. The PDP 8I could not administrate more than 32kB. 103 103 <br />THe PDP 8L, a trimmed-down version of the PDP 8I, cannot hold more than 8 kB.</p> --> … … 150 150 strong men can lift the computer. It is better to have four people to carry it!. 151 151 Without ICs or their ancestors the device is counted among the seccond-generation calculators. 152 <br/>You can also get a view from the "Flip-Chip"-card from the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp-8-left-flank. shtm">left flank</a>152 <br/>You can also get a view from the "Flip-Chip"-card from the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp-8-left-flank.php">left flank</a> 153 153 (<u>flank</u>). The core memory is set above (storage capacity 4kB).--> 154 154 … … 441 441 442 442 <h3>WANG 2200 with bulky peripheral hardware</h3> 443 <p>Next, the first system that looks like today's computer is presented: <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang2200. shtm">WANG 2200</a>, year of manufacture 1973. This computer, with so many peripheral devices, is probably unique in Germany. The peripherals: paper tape reader, punch card reader, triple 8-inch disc drive, hard disc system with 38cm diameter disks (the device weights 100kg and cost 24000 DM, but only holdy 5MB), special BASIC-language keyboard, etc.</p>443 <p>Next, the first system that looks like today's computer is presented: <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang2200.php">WANG 2200</a>, year of manufacture 1973. This computer, with so many peripheral devices, is probably unique in Germany. The peripherals: paper tape reader, punch card reader, triple 8-inch disc drive, hard disc system with 38cm diameter disks (the device weights 100kg and cost 24000 DM, but only holdy 5MB), special BASIC-language keyboard, etc.</p> 444 444 <p>WANG quickly recognized that the future of computers needed screens. However the concurrent HP 445 445 computers had only a single-line LED display until 1975.</p> 446 446 447 447 <div class="box center"> 448 <a href="/en/devices/wang2200. shtm" name="backlink-wang2200"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang2200.jpg" width="592" height="402" alt="Wang 2200" /></a>448 <a href="/en/devices/wang2200.php" name="backlink-wang2200"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang2200.jpg" width="592" height="402" alt="Wang 2200" /></a> 449 449 </div> 450 450 451 451 <p>The first personal computer was also build by WANG: the PCS II (1975). The first PC that was affordable for everybody was the PET 2001 from Commodore. It came on the market in 1977 and was as cheap as today's PCs, but had 8kB and had decent applications. Many more home computers followed, the market got out of hand and therewith this collection of computers ends.</p> 452 452 453 <p>See further details at <a class="go" href="/en/details2. shtm" title="Details 2">the tabular overview of453 <p>See further details at <a class="go" href="/en/details2.php" title="Details 2">the tabular overview of 454 454 mid range data processing equipment and proffessional early computers</a>.</p> 455 455 -
en/computer/electro-mechanical.php
r287 r299 17 17 <blockquote>for the buisenessman, industrial, craftsman, engineer, student and even the housewife</blockquote> 18 18 <p> 19 like the <a href="/en/devices/efzet. shtm" class="en">instruction sheet</a> (german only) tells.19 like the <a href="/en/devices/efzet.php" class="en">instruction sheet</a> (german only) tells. 20 20 This device does not seem to be very useful. 21 21 </p> … … 101 101 whole device.</p> 102 102 </div> 103 104 <div id="sidebar-footnote">105 <a href="/en/devices/sprocket-wheel-machine.shtm">Big photography ↑ of the sprocket wheel machine</a>106 </div> -
en/computer/gamma10.php
r291 r299 18 18 which was intended for commercial purpose and puchcard 19 19 computing. It was the direct successor of the <a 20 href="tabulating-machine. shtm">Tabulating Machine</a>.20 href="tabulating-machine.php">Tabulating Machine</a>. 21 21 Compared to the really big mainframes, the G10 was intended to 22 22 be set up in a 20 square meter room, without air conditioning. … … 33 33 therefore the punching unit is generously built. The 34 34 printer can only print up to 300 lines per minute. Compared 35 to our <a href="univac9400. shtm">Univac 9400</a> this35 to our <a href="univac9400.php">Univac 9400</a> this 36 36 is quite slow – the Univac 9400 is capable of 37 37 printing more than 1000 lines per minute. … … 51 51 <!-- 52 52 <br/>We want to repair this computer, too (see our page 53 <a href="/en/search. shtm">We are looking for...</a>). By now the53 <a href="/en/search.php">We are looking for...</a>). By now the 54 54 complete mechanics works again. After tuning the temperature 55 55 of the heated core memory and switching some defect … … 128 128 Connecting this device to the BULL computer is supposed to be a 129 129 quite complex problem. We will report about the progress on the 130 page <a href="../development-projects. shtm">Development Projects</a>,130 page <a href="../development-projects.php">Development Projects</a>, 131 131 soon.</p> 132 132 -
en/computer/gamma3.php
r287 r299 17 17 "electron mastermind". 18 18 <br/>The device could be connected to several punchcard devices, for 19 example the <a href="tabulating-machine. shtm">Tabulating Machine BS</a>,19 example the <a href="tabulating-machine.php">Tabulating Machine BS</a>, 20 20 to the card copier PRD or to the ULP puncher. 21 21 </p> … … 28 28 <p> 29 29 Our GAMMA 3 installation is fully equipped and features seven 30 <a href="storage-media. shtm">delay line memory units</a> with a capacity30 <a href="storage-media.php">delay line memory units</a> with a capacity 31 31 of 12 decimal digits each. To extend the built-in memory, there 32 32 were special so-called "storage cabinets" -
en/computer/ic-technology.php
r287 r299 19 19 In 1971 the first scientifically programmable "pocket calculators" with the size of 20 20 a matchbox came on the market, too. 21 See also: <a class="go" href="/en/details1. shtm" title="Details 1">Tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>21 See also: <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">Tabular list of desk calculators</a></p> 22 22 23 23 <!-- altes Photo, alter TExt: <div class="box center"> … … 34 34 <h3>WANG 700</h3> 35 35 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 36 <a href="/en/devices/wang700. shtm" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>36 <a href="/en/devices/wang700.php" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a> 37 37 <p class="bildtext">Unique system <b>WANG 700</b></p> 38 38 </div> … … 41 41 <p>On the left the calculator itself can be seen – it features a two line display made from so called NIXIE-tubes, has 2 kB core memory and a built in cassette drive for mass storage. For years this machine was the fastest desktop calculator in the world.</p> 42 42 <p>In the middle the optical reader can be seen (which, in fact, obscures the manual punch card reader which can not be seen in this picture). On the right is a modified IBM selectric typewriter which can not only be used to print out text, but to create plots of functions as well. Below the calculator an alphanumeric keyboard can be found; on the bottom an additional dual cassette tape drive is located. Programming of this machine was quite cumbersome - a simple plotterprogram took 794 program steps to perform a task which could be done on a later HP desktop calculator like the HP 9830 in only 36 steps using HP-BASIC as its programming language.</p> 43 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700. shtm">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a>43 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.php">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a> 44 44 45 45 … … 72 72 73 73 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 74 <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic. shtm" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img74 <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.php" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img 75 75 src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a> 76 76 <p class="bildtext"><b>Diehl Combitronic</b> with paper tape reader and puncher</p> … … 83 83 technology. The transistor logic was implemented by simply taking four LSI ICs together. Therefore the 84 84 computer is logically (almost) identical to the almost obsolte Combitron, but the case is much smaller and the whole 85 computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a class="go" href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic. shtm">detailed pictures from the85 computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a class="go" href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.php">detailed pictures from the 86 86 Diehl Combitronic</a>). In the picture above you see the compatible paper tape puncher ELS 850 and the reader 87 87 "Dilector" on the left. … … 102 102 <ul> 103 103 <li>In the center there is the HP 9100 (see 104 <a href="/en/computer/programmable. shtm#Hewlett_Packard_HP_9100">Programmable104 <a href="/en/computer/programmable.php#Hewlett_Packard_HP_9100">Programmable 105 105 second-generation calculators</a> for description)</li> 106 106 <li>Above the successor model HP 9810 (same logic like the HP 9100 -
en/computer/programmable.php
r287 r299 24 24 sold in Germany. On the right you can see the DIEHL 25 25 Dilector (paper tape reader) and to the left is the DIEHL ELS 830 (paper tape puncher). The system is fully operational. 26 The <a href="storage-media. shtm#delay-line-memory" class="go">delay line memory</a> serves as storage media26 The <a href="storage-media.php#run-time-memory" class="go">delay line memory</a> serves as storage media 27 27 (capacity ca. 1000 bits).</p> 28 28 </p> … … 38 38 <div class="box left clear-after"> 39 39 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_programma101.jpg" alt="Programma 101" width="379" height="301" /> 40 <p class="bildtext">The legendary <b>PROGRAMMA 101</b> by Olivetti. In the middle you see the magnetic program card. <a class="go" href="storage-media. shtm#delay-line-memory">Delay line memory</a> was used as storage media.</p>40 <p class="bildtext">The legendary <b>PROGRAMMA 101</b> by Olivetti. In the middle you see the magnetic program card. <a class="go" href="storage-media.php#run-time-memory">Delay line memory</a> was used as storage media.</p> 41 41 </div> 42 42 … … 45 45 46 46 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 47 <a href="/en/devices/wang320. shtm" name="backlink-wang320"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320.jpg" alt="WANG 320 SE" width="690" height="287" /></a>47 <a href="/en/devices/wang320.php" name="backlink-wang320"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320.jpg" alt="WANG 320 SE" width="690" height="287" /></a> 48 48 <p class="bildtext"><b>WANG 320 SE</b></p> 49 49 </div> 50 50 51 51 <p> In 1966/1967 the WANG 320 SE was a flagship calculator. Two of its features were truly sensational for its time: It could calculate logarithms and anti-logarithms quickly (in fact this took less time than the calcultion of a square root) and up to four keyboards could be connected to a single calculator unit; thus the machine was in fact a time sharing system. Further more the system could be programmed using punched cards – running programs were suspended for a short period of time to allow interactive users access to the machine. The 80 column punched cards could be prepared manually using a stencil. These features made the calculator a perfect match for schools and universities. While the slide rule was in use in most of these places, this machine allowed them to enter the field of computer science. <br/> 52 Clicking on the picture will show a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang320. shtm">larger and more detailed version</a>.52 Clicking on the picture will show a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang320.php">larger and more detailed version</a>. 53 53 </p> 54 54 … … 61 61 62 62 <p>In 1968 the first desktop calculator made by HP hit the market and was a truly outstanding machine. All of its internal logic is implemented using discrete transistor logic without a single integrated circuit. The machine supports a wealth of mathematical and scientific functions and employs a magnetic core memory, so even after a power off the contents of memory (data and programs) are preserved. Magnetic cards serve as external storage media. The printer shown on top of the HP 9100 is an optional device. The heart of the display is a CRT on which the contents of three internal registers are displayed. The character generation is controlled by a wired ROM. This technological marvel indeed had its price – with a price of 23 000 DM for the basic version it was not affordable for individuals. 63 <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology. shtm#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100.63 <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.php#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100. 64 64 </p> 65 65 … … 69 69 </div> 70 70 71 <p>Read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1. shtm" title="Details 1">tabular overview of desk calculators</a></p>71 <p>Read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">tabular overview of desk calculators</a></p> 72 72 73 73 <!-- ehemaliger Text, jetzt oben mit Bildern eingebaut und mit ordentlicher B.Ulmann-Übersetzung: … … 80 80 It commanded many mathematical functions, costed 23.000,- DM (ca. 12000,- Euro) and contained 81 81 some forerunners of integrated circuits. 82 <a class="go" href="/en/details1. shtm" title="Details 1">See also Details 1</a></p>82 <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">See also Details 1</a></p> 83 83 --> -
en/computer/punchcard.php
r291 r299 61 61 <p> 62 62 The Univac 1710 VIP was released at 63 the same time like the <a href="univac9400. shtm">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a>63 the same time like the <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a> 64 64 in the year 1969. This device is very fast and versatile and works mostly 65 65 electronically. Most likely, Univac wanted to trump IBM with this … … 87 87 88 88 <div class="box center"> 89 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter. shtm" name="backlink-sorter"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter" width="361" height="287" /><img style="margin-left: 2px;" src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.offen.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter (without cover)" width="215" height="287" /></a>89 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php" name="backlink-sorter"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter" width="361" height="287" /><img style="margin-left: 2px;" src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.offen.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter (without cover)" width="215" height="287" /></a> 90 90 <p class="center"> 91 91 <b>IBM 082 punch card sorter</b>, Built since 1949 92 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter. shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a>92 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php">The function of the punch card sorter</a> 93 93 </p> 94 94 </div> 95 95 96 96 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 97 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter. shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="602" height="630" /></a>97 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="602" height="630" /></a> 98 98 <p class="bildtext"> 99 99 <b>IBM 083 sorter</b> … … 101 101 per minute. Much more than 16 cards per second are not possible, due to the mechanic's inertia. This 102 102 type was built since 1958. 103 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter. shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a>103 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.php">The function of the punch card sorter</a> 104 104 </p> 105 105 </div> … … 109 109 110 110 <div class="box left clear-after"> 111 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator. shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a>111 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.php" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a> 112 112 <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM punch card collator 077</b></p> 113 113 <p> … … 123 123 maintenance as often as a checking device. 124 124 <br />The programs could be changed by replacing the programing field. 125 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator. shtm">The function of the punch card collator</a>125 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.php">The function of the punch card collator</a> 126 126 </p> 127 127 </div> 128 128 129 129 <div class="box left clear-after"> 130 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator. shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a>130 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a> 131 131 <p class="bildtext"><b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b></p> 132 132 <p> -
en/computer/storage-media.php
r287 r299 52 52 </p> 53 53 54 <h3 ><a name="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</a></h3>54 <h3 id="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</h3> 55 55 <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="max-width: 860px;"> 56 56 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" /> … … 63 63 <p>This type of memory is volatile and has a rather long access time – on the other hand, its capacity depends mainly on the length of the wire and the basic clock of the surrounding circuitry so it may easily expanded. In addition to this it is relatively inexpensive and rugged making it suitable for applications like desktop calculators and the like.</p> 64 64 65 <h3 ><a name="core-memory">Core memory</a></h3>65 <h3 id="core-memory">Core memory</h3> 66 66 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 67 67 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/triumph-kernspeicher.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="520" /> … … 86 86 <p class="bildtext"> 87 87 Another core memory made in 1969 is shown here. It is used 88 in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer. shtm">high89 speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400. shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>88 in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.php">high 89 speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC mainframe</a> 90 90 and stores a single line of text to be printed (132 characters). The 91 91 individual cores can still be seen by the naked eye. … … 106 106 107 107 108 <h3 ><a name="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</a></h3>108 <h3 id="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</h3> 109 109 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 110 <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom. shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a>110 <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a> 111 111 <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf threaded ROM</b></p> 112 112 </div> … … 115 115 <br/>The device shown is from a NIXDORF-WANDERER Logatronic system (made in 1966 approximately) which is a predecessor of the well known NIXDORF 820 system (see below). This ROM can store 2048 words of 18 bits each. The implementation is a true masterpiece of its time.</p> 116 116 117 <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom. shtm">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p>117 <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.php">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p> 118 118 119 119 120 <h3 ><a name="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</a></h3>120 <h3 id="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</h3> 121 121 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 122 <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory. shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="692" height="379" /></a>122 <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="692" height="379" /></a> 123 123 <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf magnetic stick memory</b></p> 124 124 </div> 125 125 126 126 <p>NIXDORF decided to implement a read only memory which could be easily modified by customers and did not require a service technician to modify its contents.The whole operating system of the NIXDORF 820 was stored in ROMs like this (all in all 3 modules – type 177 – were necessary for this). Even empty ROMs were manufactured which were sold to customers who liked to modify their 820 system. Each of these modules could hold 4096 word of 18 bits each. One of these ROMs weighs 2.4 kg.</p> 127 <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory. shtm">more detailed version</a> of it.</p>127 <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.php">more detailed version</a> of it.</p> 128 128 129 129 130 <h3 ><a name="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</a></h3>130 <h3 id="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</h3> 131 131 <div class="box left clear-after"> 132 <!--<a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage. shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/grafiken/magnetdrahtspeicher-uebersicht.en.gif" alt="Simplified diagram showing the plated wire storage" width="400" height="254" /></a>-->133 <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage. shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/magnetdrahtspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a plated wire storage, zoomed greatly" width="340" height="303" /></a>132 <!--<a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/grafiken/magnetdrahtspeicher-uebersicht.en.gif" alt="Simplified diagram showing the plated wire storage" width="400" height="254" /></a>--> 133 <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/magnetdrahtspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a plated wire storage, zoomed greatly" width="340" height="303" /></a> 134 134 135 135 <div class="bildtext"> 136 136 <!-- new text and image since 17.08.08 --> 137 137 <p>The plated wire storage was intended for replacing the core memory. Our 138 <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/univac_9300. shtm">UNIVAC 9300</a> is equipped138 <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/univac_9300.php">UNIVAC 9300</a> is equipped 139 139 with this type of memory that was initially announced by UNIVAC for the new 140 140 UNIVAC 9000 series as a "technical revolution" in their magazine "The punch card" … … 149 149 ingenious ideas. Unfortunately, nowadays it is very error-prone.</p> 150 150 <p>Clicking on the photography will yield further informations about the 151 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage. shtm">design of the plated151 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php">design of the plated 152 152 wire storage</a>.</p> 153 153 </div><!--bildtext--> 154 154 </div><!--box plated wire storage --> 155 155 156 <h3 ><a name="lochband">Two channel punched tape</a></h3>156 <h3 id="lochband">Two channel punched tape</h3> 157 157 <div class="box left clear-after"> 158 158 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/lochband-combitron.jpg" alt="A two channel punched tape from the DIEHL combitron calculator" width="424" height="322" /> 159 159 <p class="bildtext"> 160 As already described before (section <a class="go" href="programmable. shtm">programmable 2nd generation desktop calculators</a>), the DIEHL Combitron calculator used a time delay memory (like the magnetostrictive memory described elsewhere). Since this type of memory is volatile, DIEHL needed a non-volatile memory for the overall control of the machine. This had been implemented using a two channel punched tape. The first channel serves as a clock channel while the second channel contains the actual control data.160 As already described before (section <a class="go" href="programmable.php">programmable 2nd generation desktop calculators</a>), the DIEHL Combitron calculator used a time delay memory (like the magnetostrictive memory described elsewhere). Since this type of memory is volatile, DIEHL needed a non-volatile memory for the overall control of the machine. This had been implemented using a two channel punched tape. The first channel serves as a clock channel while the second channel contains the actual control data. 161 161 <br/>During the startup of the calculator, the contents of this punched tape were copied to the time delay memory which then took over control of the machine. 162 162 </p> 163 163 </div> 164 164 165 166 </div><!-- end of content -->167 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" -->168 </body>169 </html> -
en/computer/tabulating-machine.php
r287 r299 60 60 right contains a simple program for multiplying. Multiplying and dividing 61 61 mechanically needs lots of time. To shorten this amount of time, the 62 <a href="gamma3. shtm">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA 3</a>62 <a href="gamma3.php">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA 3</a> 63 63 could be attached. That auxiliary tube calculator was only used for this 64 64 purpose. -
en/computer/transistors.php
r287 r299 11 11 12 12 <p> 13 After the <a href="/en/computer/electron-tubes. shtm">ANITA tube calculator</a>,13 After the <a href="/en/computer/electron-tubes.php">ANITA tube calculator</a>, 14 14 the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began. Due to the 15 15 increasing number of users, the development was very lucrative, even considering the … … 26 26 <b>IME 84</b> (<i>Industria Macchine Elettroniche</i>) was the world's first 27 27 desk calculator using transistors. This represented enormous progress, compared to the ANITA. 28 Using <a href="/en/computer/storage-media. shtm#Core_memory">core memory</a>, there was28 Using <a href="/en/computer/storage-media.php#Core_memory">core memory</a>, there was 29 29 much more memory, allowing many more application fields. 30 30 <br>This calculator is at least able to exponentiate a number, but it cannot yet extract … … 81 81 <p> 82 82 The legendary <b>WANDERER-WERKE AG</b> were a typical company specialized on office machines and launched 83 the WANDERER CONTI in 1965. You can read the original prospectus <!--sic--> of the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti. shtm"83 the WANDERER CONTI in 1965. You can read the original prospectus <!--sic--> of the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wanderer_conti.php" 84 84 title="Wanderer Conti original brochure">"first printing electonic universal automaton"</a>. This leading role 85 85 did only lasted for a few weeks, since Olivetti and Diehl followed close behind. … … 108 108 The <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced in 1964. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a 109 109 CRT display, using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. 110 The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media. shtm#Magnetostrictive_memory">magnetostrictive line</a>.110 The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.php#Magnetostrictive_memory">magnetostrictive line</a>. 111 111 <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in 112 112 a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic … … 119 119 <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic 120 120 arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most 121 cases a small <a href="storage-media. shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p>122 <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1. shtm" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>121 cases a small <a href="storage-media.php#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p> 122 <p>You can read further details at the <a class="go" href="/en/details1.php" title="Details 1">tabular list of desk calculators</a></p> 123 123 --> -
en/computer/univac9200.php
r287 r299 12 12 manuals are available. This system was stored for over four years in the museum 13 13 archives until we moved it with a freight company into the museum, next 14 to the <a href="univac9400. shtm">UNIVAC 9400</a>.</p>14 to the <a href="univac9400.php">UNIVAC 9400</a>.</p> 15 15 16 16 <p>After moving the devices with a trucking company to the museum building, … … 54 54 <p>Often it is sheer luck that helps saving unique artifacts from scrap. In this 55 55 case a curious student at the Goethe University discovered strange objects in a 56 building and informed us. It turned out that these devices were a <a href="/en/computer/punchcard. shtm#u1710">UNIVAC 1710</a>56 building and informed us. It turned out that these devices were a <a href="/en/computer/punchcard.php#u1710">UNIVAC 1710</a> 57 57 58 58 card puncher and a cabinet full of punched cards containings programs for our … … 81 81 running again. Now we can use punch card devices from the CPU. Actually 82 82 we cannot read nor punch data. 83 <br>Now there is another malfunctioning device: The <a href="storage-media. shtm#plated-wire-storage">83 <br>Now there is another malfunctioning device: The <a href="storage-media.php#plated-wire-storage"> 84 84 plated wire storage</a> does not work. We are trying to get it working at least partially, 85 85 replacing it with a new self-made solid state memory. As you can read on our 86 <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage. shtm">detailed description of the86 <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.php">detailed description of the 87 87 plated wire storage</a>, this type of memory has always been very error-prone. 88 88 <div class="desc-right"> -
en/computer/univac9400.php
r295 r299 49 49 50 50 <ul> 51 <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/frontpanel.php" title="see a detailed picture from the processor's frontpanel">main processor cabinet</a></li>52 <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/console+uniservo.php" title="read more about hte console and uniservo">system's console</a></li>51 <li>the main processor cabinet</li> 52 <li>the system's console</li> 53 53 <li>the Tape Control Unit</li> 54 54 <li>UNISERVO 12</li><!--<li>a tape controller with two associated tape drives,</li>--> 55 55 <li>UNISERVO 16</li> 56 56 <li>UNISERVO 12</li> 57 <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/discdrives.php" title="a big picture from the disc controller and disc drives">Disk Control Unit</a></li> <!-- disc controller-->57 <li>the Disk Control Unit</li> <!-- disc controller--> 58 58 <!--<li>two storage cabinets holding 128 kB each,</li>--> 59 <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.php">high speed printer</a>of type 768</li>60 <li> <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/discdrives.php">two disk drives</a>of type 8425</li>61 <li>a <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/cardreader.php" title="further reading and viewing about the punchcard reader">punch card reader</a></li>59 <li>the high speed printer of type 768</li> 60 <li>three disk drives of type 8425</li> 61 <li>a punch card reader</li> 62 62 </ul> 63 63
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